The Chronicles of Bihar: From Ancient Glory to Modern Era

History of Bihar: An Overview

Bihar, a state in eastern India, has a rich and complex history that has shaped its cultural, political, and economic identity. It is the third-largest state by population, 12th largest by area, and 15th largest by GDP in 2021. It shares borders with Uttar Pradesh, Nepal, West Bengal, and Jharkhand. The state is divided by the Ganges river and was ceded to Jharkhand in 2000. The majority of the population lives in urban areas, with 11.27% living in urban areas. Bihar has the highest proportion of young people of any Indian state, with 58% below 25. The official language is Hindi, with native languages Maithili, Magahi, and Bhojpuri. Other languages are spoken at smaller levels.

The history of Bihar is one of the most diverse and influential in India, spanning from prehistoric times to modern history. The region consists of three distinct cultural and historical areas: Magadha, Mithila, and Bhojpur. Its archaeological and literary records trace back to the Neolithic period (c. 2500–1345 BC) and continue through various dynastic and colonial phases until it became an integral part of independent India in 1947.

Bihar, derived from the Sanskrit word vihāra (Devanagari: विहार), meaning “abode,” refers to the ancient and medieval Buddhist vihāras, which were the abodes of monks in the region that now encompasses the present state.

Prehistoric and Ancient Bihar

The earliest evidence of human habitation in Bihar dates back to the Neolithic age, with significant findings at Chirand, located on the northern bank of the Ganga River in the Saran district. The region of Bihar played an essential role in ancient Indian civilization, with Magadha, Mithila, and Anga frequently mentioned in Vedic and epic literature.

Mithila and the Videha Kingdom

Mithila emerged as a center of power during the Later Vedic period (c. 1100–500 BC). The Videha Kingdom, ruled by Janaka kings, gained prominence, with Sita, as consort of Lord Rama and the daughter of King Janaka, being a central figure in the Hindu epic Ramayana. The kingdom later became a part of the Vajjika League, one of the earliest known republics in the world, with its capital at Vaishali. Mithila, an early learning center, was also the center of the Videha kingdom.

Rise of Magadha and the Mauryan Empire

Bihar was a center of political and cultural power during Ancient and Classical India. Magadha became the center of Indian power, learning, and culture for nearly a thousand years. It was home to the Maurya empire and Buddhism, the world’s most widely-adherent religion. The Magadha empires, under the Maurya and Gupta dynasties, united South Asia under a central rule. Some of the most significant developments in Indian history emerged from this region:

• The Maurya Empire (321–185 BC), one of India’s greatest empires, was founded by Chandragupta Maurya and expanded under Ashoka the Great.
• Pataliputra (modern-day Patna) became a vital political, military, and economic centre of Indian civilisation during the ancient and classical periods of Indian history.
• Buddhism and Jainism originated and flourished in this region, spreading their influence across Asia.
• Many significant literary works, including Indian literature, Abhijñānaśākuntala (also known as Shakuntala), aside from religious epics, were composed in ancient Bihar.

The present-day Bihar region included several pre-Mauryan kingdoms and republics, such as Magadha, Anga, and the Vajjika League of Mithila, which was one of the world’s earliest republics, existing before the birth of Mahavira (c. 599 BC).

Medieval Bihar and Successive Dynasties

After the fall of the Maurya Empire, Bihar witnessed several ruling dynasties:

• The Pala Empire ruled the region, with Pataliputra as their capital during the reign of Devapala.
• The Karnat dynasty rose to power in Mithila in the 11th century, followed by the Oiniwar dynasty in the 14th century.
• The Buddhist Pithipatis of Bodh Gaya controlled parts of Magadha, while the Khayaravala dynasty ruled southwestern Bihar until the 13th century.
• Jaunpur Sultanate controlled parts of Western Bihar during the 13th and 14th centuries before being overtaken by the Delhi Sultanate.

Mughal and Colonial Rule

Following the decline of medieval kingdoms, Bihar came under the rule of:

• The Sur Empire, under Sher Shah Suri, who reformed governance and introduced the precursor to India’s modern postal system.
• The Mughal Empire (1556–1757), under which Bihar became a crucial economic and political hub.
• The British colonial rule, starting in the 1750s, when Bihar became part of the Bengal Presidency. It played a key role in India’s first war of independence in 1857.
• On March 22, 1912, Bihar was carved out as a separate province in British India.

Bihar in Independent India

Since India’s independence in 1947, Bihar has been an original state of the Indian Union. The region continues to be significant in Indian history, politics, and culture, retaining its legacy as a center of ancient civilization and learning.

Since the late 1970s, Bihar has been significantly behind other Indian states in social and economic development, largely due to central government policies like freight equalisation, apathy towards Bihar, lack of Bihari sub-nationalism, and the Permanent Settlement of 1793 by the British East India Company. The state government has made significant strides in development, including increased infrastructure investment, improved healthcare, increased emphasis on education, and reduced crime and corruption.

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Mahabodhi Temple

Sher Shah Suri Tomb

Golghar Patna

Darbhanga Fort

Buddha Smriti Park, Patna

Nalanda Archaeological Site

Key Facts about Bihar

Bihar State Profile:

• Country:   India
• Emblem of Bihar: 
• Location: Eastern India
• Coordinates: 25.4°N 85.1°E
• Capital: Patna
• State Formation: 22 March 1912; Jharkhand was carved out in 2000.
• Bordering States: Uttar Pradesh (west), Jharkhand (south), West Bengal (east), and Nepal (north).
• State Code: 10
• Government:
  • Governor: Constitutional head of the State and is appointed by the President of India.
  • Chief Minister: Head of Government and is elected by the members of Bihar Legislative Assembly.
  • State Legislature: Bicameral (Two separate assemblies, chambers, or houses, known as a bicameral legislature)
    • Bihar Legislative Council (Bihar Vidhan Parishad): 75 (63 Elected + 12 Nominated)
    • Bihar Legislative Assembly (Bihar Vidhan Sabha): 243
  • Parliamentary Constituencies: Bicameral
    • Rajya Sabha (Council of States): 16 Seats (Upper house of the Parliament of India)
    • Lok Sabha (House of the People): 40 Seats (Lower house of the Parliament of india)
  • High Court: Patna High Court
• Official Languages: Hindi, Urdu
• Regional Languages: Bhojpuri, Maithili, Magahi, Angika
• Official Script: Devanagari
• Song: Mere Bharat Ke Kanthahar (The Garland of My India)
• Foundation Day: Bihar Day (22 March 1912)
• Bird House: Sparrow
• Fish: Walking catfish
• Flower: Marigold
• Fruit: Mango
• Mammal: Gaur
• Tree: Peepal tree
• Time Zone: UTC+05:30 (IST)
• ISO 3166 Code: IN-BR
• Vehicle Registration: BR
• State Highway of Bihar: BR SH1 – BR SH82
• Human Developement Index (HDI) (2022): 0.577 (Medium) (36th)
• Gross Domestic product (GDP):
  • Total (2024): ₹1,097,264 crore (US$130 billion)
  • Rank: 14th
  • Per Capita: ₹83,936 ($1002) (32nd)
• Official Website: state.bihar.gov.in

Physical Features:

• Latitude: 24°-20′-10″ ~ 27°-31′-15″ N
• Longitude: 83°-19′-50″ ~ 88°-17′-40″ E
• Height above Sea-Level: 173 Feet
• Avg. Number of Rainy Days: 52.5 Days in a Year
• Total Area: 98,940 km² (38,201 sq mi) (Rank 12th)
  • Rural Area: 92,257.51 sq. kms
  • Urban Area: 1,095.49 sq. kms
• Dimensions:
  • Length: 345 km (214 mi)
  • Width: 483 km (300 mi)
• Elevation: 53 m (174 ft)
  • Highest Elevation: 880 m (2,890 ft) (Someshwar Fort is the highest peak in Bihar)
  • Lowest Elevation: 11 m (36 ft)

Administrative Units:

• Divisions (Pramandal): 9
• Districts (Zila): 38
• Subdivisions (Anumandal): 101
• Cities and towns: 199
  • Statutory Towns: 139
  • Non-Statutory Towns: 60
• Blocks & Circles (Mandal & Anchal): 534
• Villages (Gram): 45,973
• Panchayats: 8,213
• Police Stations: 1064
  • Civil Police Stations: 813
  • Railway Police Stations: 40
  • Police Districts: 44
• Civil Police District: 40
• Railway Police District: 4
• Urban Local Bodies:
  • Municipal Corporation (Nagar Nigam): 19
  • Municipal Council (Nagar Parishad): 88
  • Town Council (Nagar Panchayat): 151

Demographics:

• As Per 2023 Caste Survey:
  • Population: 130,725,310 (Approximately 130 million, 2nd most populous state in India)
  • Density: 1,388/km² (536/sq mi)
  • Urban Population: 11.29%
  • Rural Population: 88.71%
  • Sex Ratio (2019–20): 1090♀/1000 ♂
  • Literacy (2017): 70.9%
• As Per 2011 Census Statistics:
  • Population: 104,099,452 (Approximately 104 million, 3rd most populous state in India)
    • Males Population (2011): 54,278,157
    • Females Population (2011): 49,821,295
  • Density: 1,106/km² (425.5/sq mi)
  • Population Growth: 25.42%
  • Percantage of total Population in India: 8.60%
  • Sex Ratio: 918♀/1000 ♂
  • Child Sex Ratio: 935
  • Total Child Population (0-6 Age): 1,91,33,964
  • Male Population (0-6 Age): 98,87,239
  • Female Population (0-6 Age): 92,46,725
  • Total Literacy: (5,25,04,553) 61.80 % (Rank 34th)
  • Male Literacy: (3,16,08,023) 71.20 %
  • Female Literacy: (2,08,96,530) 51.50 %

Food and Festivals:

• Cuisines:
  • Litti Chokha, Sattu Sarbat, Kadhi Bari, Khichdi, Chana Ghugni, Pittha, Dahi-Choora, Malpua, Chandrakala/ Pedakiya, Balushahi, Parwal ki Mithai, Bhunja, Laddoo (Maner), Tilkut (Gaya), Belgrami (Udwant Nagar), Kheer Makhana (Darbhanga), Silao Khaja (Nalanda), Khoye-Ki-Laai (Barh), Bihari Thali.
• Fairs:
  • Sonepur Mela, Malmas Mela, Makar Sankranti Mela, Pitrapaksha Mela, Shrawani Mela, Saurath Sabha.
• Festivals:
  • Chhath Pooja (Mahaparv in Bihar), Makarsankranti, Basant Panchami, Maha Shivaratri, Holi (Festival of colours), Rama Navami, Good Friday, Janaki Navami, Buddha Purnima, Durga Puja, Diwali / Deepavali, Chitragupta Puja / Kalam-Dawaat Puja / Bhai Dooj, Shab E Barat / Mid-Sha’ban, Eid Ul-Fitr, Shree Krishna Janmashtami / Gokulashtami, Eid-al-Adha (Bakreed), Muharram, Arba’een Chehallum, Christmas, Guru Govind Singh Jayanti, Independence Day, Republic Day, Mahaveer Janma Kalyanak / Mahaveer Jayanti, Veer Kunwar Singh Jayanti, Sant Kabirdas Jayanti, Mahatama Gandhi Jayanti.

Art and Culture:

• Music and Dance:
  • Great tradition of folk songs started by Bhikhari Thakur, an artist from the Bhojpur region.
  • Notable Singers of Bhojpuri Music and Songs: Mahendar Misir, Radhamohan Chaubey ‘Anjan’, Laxman Pathak Pradeep, and Sharda Sinha.
  • Other wandering folk singers include the Kathaks, who travelled in groups and performed accompanied by dholak, sarangi, tamburu and majira.
  • Other musician classes included Roshan Chouki, Bhajaniya, Kirtaniya, Pamaria and Bhakliya.
  • Folk Instruments:
    • Dhol, Dhak, Dhanaka, Madal, Mandar or Madol, Nagara, flute, Pipahi (Shhehnai like), Jhanjh, clappers etc.
    • C- shaped hom, Narsingha also called the Sakoa.
    • Tumdak and Tamak are two percussion instruments played together.
  • Folk Songs (lok geet):
    • Sohar – performed during childbirth.
    • Sumangali – associated with wedding.
    • Ropnigeet – performed during the season of sowing paddy.
    • Katnigeet – performed during the paddy harvesting season.
  • Dances Form:
    • Karma, Jhijhia, Kajari, Jhumar, Magahi Jhumar, Jharni, Jat Jatin, Jhumeri, Sohar Khelwana, Dhamar Jogira, Krishi Nritya, Chaita, Nachni, Natua.
• Art and Crafts:
  • Madhubani Painting, Manjusha Art, Patna Kalam, Tikuli Art, Bamboo & Cane crafts, Metal Craft, Sikki Craft, Papier Mache, Stone Carvings (Pattharkati), Pottery & Ceramics, Wood Carving, Textile – Sujini Embroidery, Textile – Applique.

Tourism:

• Patna:
  • Golghar, Gyan Bhawan, Kumhrar Park, Bihar Museum, Sabhyata Dwar, Patna Museum, Gandhi Museum, Buddha Smriti Park, Ganga Arti at Gandhi Ghat, Gurdwara at Gai Ghat, Ancient Temole – Patan Devi, Ancient Temole – Agam Kuan, Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Library, Shah Daulat Choti Dargah, Old Temple – Mahavir Hanuman Temple, Takht Sri Harmandir Patna Sahib – Gurudwara, Maa Jagdamba Mandir – Near Karouta Railway station 35km from Patna.
• Gaya:
  • Bodhgaya, Bodhi Tree, Barabar Caves, Muchalinda Lake, Vishnupad Temple, Magla Gauri Shrine, Mahabodhi Temple, Royal Bhutan Monastery, Dungeshwari Cave Temples, Thai Temple and Monastery, Chinese Temple and Monastery, Bodhgaya Archaeological Museum.
• Nalanda:
  • Silao, Bimbisara Jail, Ajatsatru Stupa, Saptaparni Cave, Rajgir Ropeway, Surajpur Baragaon, Son Bhandar Caves, Jalmandir – Pawapuri, Vishwa Shanti Stupa, Pandu Pokhar, Rajgir, Jarasandh Ka Akhara, Cyclopean Wall of Rajgir, Xuanzang Memorial Hall, Nava Nalanda Mahavihara, Ghorakatora Lake at Rajgir, Nalanda Multimedia Museum, Tomb of Mallick Ibrahim Baya, Nalanda Archaeological Museum, Rajgir Dance Festival ( in October), Vulture Peak (Gridhakut or Gijjhakta), International Convention Centre at Rajgir, Vaibhava Hill – Saptarni Caves- Hot Spring (Rajgir), Venu Vana – Bamboo Forest, gifted by the Magadha King Bimbisara to Lord Buddha.
• Vaishali:
  • Ashoka Pillar, Shanti Stupa, Raja Vishal’s Garh, Vaishali Museum, Licchvi Stupa (Mud Stupa), Bhagwan Mahaveer Janma Smarak, Basokund.
• Sitamarhi:
  • Panth-Pakar, Bagahi Math, Goraul Sharif, Bodhayan-Sar, Haleshwar Sthan, Deokuli or Dhekuli, Shukeshwar Sthan, Janki Temple at Punaura, Pupri – Baba Nageshwarnath temple.
• Rohtas:
  • Dhua Kund, Manjhar Kund, Indrapuri Dam, Rohtas Garh Fort, Pilot Baba Temple, Sher Shah Suri Tomb, Bhaluni Dham, Maa Tara Chandi Temple, Chandan Shaheed Pir, Gurdwara Guru Bagh at Sasaram, Tomb of Hasan Khan Suri, Gurudwara Taksali Sangat, Rohtasan or Chaurasan Temple, Gurdwara Chacha Phaggu Mal at Sasaram, Tutla Bhawani (Tutrahi or Titula Dham).
• Motihari:
  • Moti Jheel at Motihari, George Orwell Museum, Gandhi Sangrahalaya at Motihari, Kesaria Stupa at Kesaria (East Champaran)
• Munger:
  • Maruk, Pirpahar, Sita Kund, Rishikund, Dilwarpur, Manpatthar, Bhimbandh, Malnipahar, Kali Pahadi, Sitla Mandir, Munger Fort, Ucheswarnath, Safiabad-Mirza, Baptist Mission, Kharagpur Lake, Kastaharni Ghat, Rameshwar Kund, Sri Krishna Vatika, Goenka Shivalaya, Jai Prakash Udyan, Chandika Astahan, Haha Punch Kumari, Pir Shah Nafah Shrine, Badi Durga Maa Temple, Gurudwara at Piparpanti, Mullah Mohammad Syed Grave.
• Other Places:
  • Navlakha Palace at Rajnagar near Madhubani, Kesaria Stupa at Kesaria (East Champaran), Lomas Rishi Caves at Jehanabad.

Natural Resources:

• Bihar Forests:
  • Forest Area: 6,473 km²
  • Very Dense Forest: 76 km²
  • Dense Forest: 2,951 km²
  • Open Forest: 2,531 km²
• Protected Areas:
  • Nation Parks: 1
  • Sanctuaries: 11
  • Protected Forest Area: 3,208.47 km²
  • Protected Non-Forest Area: 76.30 km²
• Parks and Sanctuaries:
  • Valmiki National Park Wildlife Sanctuary, Kaimur Wildlife Sanctuary, Rajgir Wildlife Sanctuary, Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin WildLife Sanctuary, Kanwar Lake Bird Sanctuary, Bhimbandh WildLife Sanctuary, Gautam Budha WildLife Sanctuary, Nagi Dam Wild Life Sanctuary, Nakti Dam Bird Sanctuary, Udaypur Wildlife Sanctuary.
• Rivers:
  • Ganga, Bagmati, Gandak, Burhi Gandak, Adhwara Group, Ghaghra, Phalgu, Karmanasha, Koshi, Mahananda, Punpun, Sone, Sapt Koshi, Bhutahi Balan.
• Waterfalls:
  • Kakolat Falls, Telhar Waterfall, Karkat Waterfall, Tutla Bhawani etc.
• Lakes:
  • Kanwar Lake, Muchalinda Lake, Saraiya Man Lake, Kharagpur Lake, Moti Jheel, Pandu Pokhar, Ghorakatora Lake etc.

The Historical Evolution of Bihar: Pillar of Indian Heritage

Ancient History

Prehistoric Era

• The earliest evidence of human settlement in Bihar dates back to the Stone Age, as seen in archaeological sites like Barabar Caves and Bhimbetka.
• Bihar has been associated with the Indus Valley Civilization and later the Vedic Civilization.

Vedic Period

• Known as part of the ancient Magadha region, Bihar is mentioned in the Rigveda and other ancient Hindu scriptures.
• Early political units like Mahajanapadas (large kingdoms) emerged, with Magadha being one of the most prominent.

Magadha Empire

• Magadha (modern-day Bihar) became a powerful kingdom during the 6th century BCE.
• Key rulers:
  • Bimbisara (Haryanka Dynasty): Expanded Magadha and established a strong administrative system.
  • Ajatashatru: Known for military innovations and territorial expansion.
• Capitals:
  • Rajgir: The ancient capital of Magadha.
  • Later moved to Pataliputra (modern-day Patna).

Role in Religions

Buddhism

• Bihar is the birthplace of Buddhism:
  • Gautama Buddha attained enlightenment under the Bodhi Tree in Bodh Gaya.
• Significant sites: Bodh Gaya, Nalanda, Rajgir, and Vaishali.

Jainism

• Mahavira, the 24th Tirthankara of Jainism, was born in Vaishali, Bihar.
• Jainism flourished under the patronage of Magadha rulers.

Hinduism

• Bihar played a significant role in early Hindu culture:
  • Associated with texts like the Ramayana and Mahabharata.
  • The Mauryan and Gupta empires supported Hindu temples and learning centers.

Imperial Dynasties

Mauryan Empire (321–185 BCE)

• Founded by Chandragupta Maurya, with its capital in Pataliputra.
• Ashoka the Great: Known for spreading Buddhism globally and his edicts promoting non-violence and tolerance.

Gupta Empire (4th–6th century CE)

• Bihar became a cultural and intellectual hub under the Guptas.
• Known as the Golden Age of India:
  • Flourishing of science, mathematics, astronomy, and art.
  • Nalanda University: A renowned center of learning.

Pala Empire (8th–12th century CE)

• The Palas ruled Bihar and Bengal and were great patrons of Buddhism.
• Revival of Nalanda and establishment of Vikramashila University.

Medieval Period

Decline of Buddhism

• With the advent of Islam and foreign invasions, Buddhist monasteries in Bihar were destroyed (e.g., by Bakhtiyar Khilji in the 12th century).

Delhi Sultanate and Mughal Period

• Bihar came under the Delhi Sultanate and later the Mughals.
• During the Mughal period, Bihar’s economy thrived due to agriculture and trade.

Sher Shah Suri (1540–1545)

• Born in Sasaram, Bihar, Sher Shah Suri established the Suri Empire.
• Reforms:
  • Introduced the Rupiya currency.
  • Built the Grand Trunk Road.

Colonial Period (1764–1947)

British Rule

• After the Battle of Buxar (1764), Bihar came under British control.
• It was part of the Bengal Presidency until 1912, when Bihar and Orissa became separate provinces.

Role in Freedom Struggle

• Champaran Satyagraha (1917): Mahatma Gandhi’s first major political movement in India took place in Bihar to address indigo farmers’ grievances.
• Leaders from Bihar:
  • Dr. Rajendra Prasad: India’s first President.
  • Jayaprakash Narayan: Leader of the Quit India Movement and Total Revolution.

Post-Independence Era

Formation of Bihar

• Bihar became a separate state in 1947 after India’s independence.
• In 2000, Jharkhand was carved out of Bihar, significantly reducing its size and resources.

Challenges

• Economic challenges: Loss of mineral-rich areas to Jharkhand.
• Social challenges: Poverty, illiteracy, and caste-based politics.

Development Efforts

• Efforts have been made to improve education, health, and infrastructure.
• Initiatives like the Mukhyamantri Cycle Yojana and investments in roads and electricity have shown progress.

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Geography

Bihar, located in the eastern region of India, is a landlocked state sharing its borders with Nepal to the north, Jharkhand to the south, West Bengal to the east, and Uttar Pradesh to the west. The state covers a total area of 94,163 km² (36,357 sq mi) and has an average elevation of 173 feet (53 m) above sea level. The Ganges River, which flows west to east, divides Bihar into North Bihar and South Bihar, creating one of the most fertile plains in the country.

Geographic Coordinates:

• Bihar is situated between latitudes 24°20’10″N and 27°31’15″N and longitudes 83°19’50″E and 88°17’40″E.
• It lies between humid West Bengal in the east and sub-humid Uttar Pradesh in the west, placing it in a transitional climatic and cultural zone.

Physical Divisions of Bihar

Bihar is divided into three distinct geographical regions based on physical and structural conditions:

1. The Southern Plateau Region:

• Located between Kaimur district (west) and Banka district (east), this region consists of hard rocks like gneiss, schist, and granite.
• The terrain features conical hills, some of which are made of batholiths, such as Pretshil, Ramshila, and Jethian hills.
• The region is relatively less fertile compared to the Bihar Plains and has low population density due to its rugged terrain.

2. The Gangetic Plains:

• This vast fertile stretch lies between the Southern Plateau and the Northern Mountains.
• The Ganges River divides the plains into two unequal parts:
  • North Bihar Plain: Includes East Champaran, West Champaran (Terai region), Samastipur, Begusarai, Saharsa, and Katihar. It is drained by Saryu, Gandak, Burhi Gandak, Bagmati, Kamla-Balan, Kosi, and Mahananda Rivers.
  • South Bihar Plain: Narrower and triangular in shape due to the presence of hills in Gaya, Rajgir, Giriyak, Bihar Sharif, Sheikhpura, Jamalpur, and Kharagpur.

3. The Shivalik Region:

• This region covers the sub-Himalayan foothills of the Shivalik Range, extending 32 km in length and 6–8 km in width in West Champaran district.
• It consists of moist deciduous forests, scrublands, grasslands, and reeds.
• The major hills in this area are Someshwar and Dun Mountain.

Climate of Bihar

Bihar, located in eastern India, lies in a subtropical temperate zone and experiences a humid subtropical climate. The state has an average elevation of about 150 meters above mean sea level, influencing its climatic conditions. The Köppen climate classification categorizes Bihar’s climate primarily as subtropical monsoon (Cwa) with mild, dry winters and hot summers. However, the southeastern parts, including Jamui, Banka, Munger, Lakhisarai, Khagaria, Sheikhpura, Bhagalpur, Saharsa, and Begusarai, fall under the tropical savanna (Aw) climate, which is hot and seasonally dry during winter.

• The average annual temperature is around 26°C, with summers sometimes reaching 29°C.
• The rainiest months are from May to September, with the best travel season being from October to April due to lower humidity and comfortable temperatures.

Seasonal Climate Overview

1. Winter (December – February):

Bihar experiences cool winters, with temperatures ranging from 0°C to 10°C (32°F to 50°F). The coldest months are December and January. The climate during this period is marked by sharp cold waves (Sheet-Lahar), which cause severe drops in temperature, affecting daily life, particularly for economically disadvantaged communities. Extreme cold waves have been recorded, with temperatures dropping as low as -2°C in Forbesganj, 0°C in Gopalganj, and -1°C in Patna and Muzaffarpur on January 7, 2013.

The months of October and November, as well as February and March, are characterized by a pleasant and mild climate, making them ideal for outdoor activities and agriculture.

2. Summer (March – June):

The hot season begins in March and peaks in May, with temperatures soaring to 35–45°C (95–105°F). The heat intensifies due to the hot winds (Loo), which blow across the plains at speeds of 8–16 km/h in April and May.

Bihar also experiences dust storms and thunderstorms during the summer months, particularly in May, followed by April and June. Dust storms can reach speeds of 48–64 km/h, reducing visibility and affecting transportation and daily activities.

3. Monsoon (June – September):

The monsoon season in Bihar is unpredictable and erratic, beginning in mid-June and lasting until late September. Bihar receives an average annual rainfall of approximately 1120 mm, but there are significant regional variations. Northern Bihar, closer to the Himalayas, experiences higher rainfall, while the southern regions are relatively drier.

Monsoons in Bihar are critical for agriculture, particularly for crops like paddy (rice), maize, and pulses. However, heavy rainfall combined with the river system, including the Ganges, Koshi, Gandak, and Bagmati rivers, often leads to severe floods, affecting millions of people each year.

4. Post-Monsoon & Cyclonic Influence (October – November):

Following the monsoon, Bihar experiences a retreating monsoon season, which is influenced by tropical cyclones originating in the Bay of Bengal. These cyclones primarily affect Bihar between September and November, particularly during the asterism known as Hathiya. Cyclones and storms during this period are crucial for the maturation of rice crops and the preparation of soil for Rabi crop cultivation.

Bihar is also impacted by typhoons from the South China Sea, which contribute to the moistening of the soil and aid agricultural production. However, extreme cyclonic activity can lead to heavy rainfall and localized flooding, disrupting normal life.

Climatic Challenges & Impact

• Cold Waves: Bihar experiences frequent cold waves during winter, leading to severe disruptions in daily life, particularly for the underprivileged population.
• Heat Waves: During summer, heat waves are a major concern, affecting public health, agriculture, and water resources.
• Floods: Bihar is one of the most flood-prone states in India, with annual monsoons causing extensive damage.
• Droughts: Despite receiving substantial rainfall, parts of Bihar, particularly in South Bihar, experience drought-like conditions due to uneven rainfall distribution and deficient water management.
• Cyclones: The Bay of Bengal cyclones occasionally impact Bihar, causing heavy rains and strong winds, which can lead to crop damage and displacement.

Bihar’s climate is diverse and dynamic, with seasonal variations that significantly impact agriculture, infrastructure, and human life. Understanding these climatic patterns is essential for effective disaster management, agricultural planning, and sustainable development. With rising climate change concerns, Bihar needs adaptive strategies to mitigate risks from extreme weather conditions and ensure sustainable growth in the region.

River Systems and Water Resources

Bihar is rich in water resources, with numerous rivers originating from the Himalayas and Central India, feeding the Ganges River Basin.

The Ganges River System:

• The Ganges, the lifeline of Bihar, flows west to east, dividing the state into North Bihar and South Bihar.
• It serves as an essential water source for agriculture, drinking water, and hydroelectric projects.

Major Tributaries:

• Northern Tributaries (originating from the Nepalese Himalayas):
  • Gandak
  • Kosi (also called the “Sorrow of Bihar” due to frequent floods)
  • Bagmati
• Southern Tributaries:
  • Son
  • Budhi Gandak
  • Chandan
  • Orhani
  • Phalgu (sacred to Hindus, associated with Gaya)
• These rivers contribute to flooding during monsoons, particularly in North Bihar, making flood management a significant challenge.
• Major Rivers: Ajay River, Bagmati, Budhi Gandak, Bhutahi Balan, Gandak, Ganges, Ghaghara, Phalgu, Gandaki River, Kamala, Karmanasha, Koshi River, Mahananda River, Mohana, Punpun, Sapt Koshi and Son River.
• Major Waterfalls:
  • Dhua Kund Falls
  • Kakolat Waterfall
  • Karkat Waterfall
  • Madhuvdhandam Falls
  • Manjhar Kund Waterfall
  • North Tank Waterfall
  • Telhar Waterfall
• Spring (Hydrosphere): Manjhar Kund, Dhua Kund, Sita Kund, Surya Kund, Rishi Kund
• Major Lake: Anupam Lake, Kharagpur Lake, Kanwar Lake Begusarai, Ghora Katora Darbhanga, Gogabil Lake Katihar, Matsyagandha Lake
• Pond: Mangal Talab, Pandu Pokhar
• Dams & reservoirs: Indrapuri Barrage

Natural Resources of Bihar

Bihar, located in the Indo-Gangetic Plain, is one of India’s most fertile states, with rich alluvial soil supporting both agriculture and industry. The Ganges River and its tributaries play a crucial role in shaping Bihar’s terrain, soil composition, and hydrology. The state also has significant forest cover and mineral resources, making it a diverse and resource-rich region.

1. Landforms and Terrain

Indo-Gangetic Plain:

• Bihar is primarily a part of the Indo-Gangetic Plain, which consists of thick alluvial deposits overlying Siwalik and older Tertiary rocks.
• The soil is naturally rejuvenated each year by the deposition of silt, clay, and sand brought by rivers, particularly through seasonal floods.

Division of Bihar’s Plain:

• The Bihar Plain is divided into two unequal halves by the Ganges River, which flows from west to east.
  • North Bihar Plain: Drained by Kosi, Gandak, Burhi Gandak, Bagmati, Kamla-Balan, and Mahananda rivers.
  • South Bihar Plain: Drained by Son, Budhi Gandak, Chandan, Orhani, and Phalgu rivers.

Influence of Neighboring Landforms:

• The Himalayas, located just north of Bihar in Nepal, influence the state’s climate, landforms, and river systems.
• The Chota Nagpur Plateau to the south, previously part of Bihar (before Jharkhand’s formation in 2000), adds diversity to the state’s geography.
• Bihar also has small hill ranges, such as the Rajgir Hills in the central region.

2. Soil Types in Bihar

Common Soil Types:

The fertility of Bihar’s soil is a major advantage for its agriculture and industry. The dominant soil types include:

• Gangetic Alluvium: Found throughout the Indo-Gangetic Plain, replenished by river floods.
• Piedmont Swamp Soil: Found in the northwestern part of West Champaran.
• Terai Soil: Found along the eastern border with Nepal, particularly in the Kishanganj and Araria regions.
• Clay Soil, Sandy Soil, and Loamy Soil: Commonly found in different parts of the state, varying in water retention and fertility.

Soil Composition:

• Bihar’s soil is deficient in phosphoric acid, nitrogen, and humus.
• However, it has sufficient potash and lime, which are essential for crop production.

3. Forests (Wildlife), Natural Vegetation and Biodiversity

Forest Cover:

• Bihar has a notified forest area of 6,764.14 km², covering 7.1% of the state’s total geographical area.
• The major forest regions are located in West Champaran, Saharsa, Purnia, Kaimur, and Rohtas districts.

Types of Forests:

• Moist Deciduous Forests: Found in the Sub-Himalayan foothills of Champaran, where rainfall exceeds 1,600 mm annually, supporting luxuriant Sal forests.
• The Shivalik foothills in West Champaran have a dense forest belt, supporting diverse wildlife and medicinal plant species.
• Dry Deciduous Forests: Found in other parts of Bihar, including Saharsa and Purnia, due to hot summers and lower rainfall.
• The forests primarily consist of moist deciduous vegetation, including species like Sal, Mahua, Neem, Banyan, and Peepal.
• The forests consist of shrubs, grasses, and reeds, which contribute to biodiversity and ecological balance.

Flora (Important Tree Species):

The forests of Bihar are semi-evergreen and deciduous, with major tree species including:

• Sal (Shorea robusta) – the dominant tree species.
• Teak
• Bamboo
• Sandalwood
• Peepal and Banyan (sacred trees in Indian culture)
• Shisham (Indian Rosewood) – valuable for furniture.
• Toona (Cedrela toona) – used for timber.
• Khair (Acacia catechu) – used for making “Kattha” (used in betel).
• Semal (Silk Cotton Tree) – known for its light, spongy wood.

Fauna (Protected Areas and Wildlife):

• Bihar has 3,208 km² (~3.41%) of Protected Forest Area and 76.30 km² of Protected Non-Forest Area.
• Bihar is home to several protected wildlife reserves, including:
  • Valmiki Tiger Reserve (only tiger reserve in Bihar, located in West Champaran)
  • Gautam Buddha Wildlife Sanctuary (in Gaya and Nawada districts)
  • Kaimur Wildlife Sanctuary (in Kaimur and Rohtas districts)
• Common wildlife species include:
  • Bengal Tigers, Leopards, Sloth Bears, Indian Bison (Gaur), Deer, and Elephants
  • Gharials and freshwater dolphins (found in the Ganges and its tributaries)
• The state has taken significant steps in implementing the Scheduled Tribes and Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006, ensuring the protection of tribal communities’ forest rights.
• Hills: Barabar hills, Brahmayoni hills Gaya Dist, Brahmajuni Hills, Bateshwar hills, Dungeshwari hills, Gridhakuta hills, Gurpa hills, Kavadol Hills/Kauvadol, Kaimur Range, Mandar Hills, Mundeshwari Hills, Nagarjuni Hills, Pretshila Hills, Pragbodhi hills, Ramshila Hills, Rajgir hills, Ramshila hills, Vaibhar Hills
• Caves: Barabar Caves, Bateshwar cave, Dungeshwari Cave, Gopika Cave, Indasala Caves, Lomas Rishi Cave, Mahakala caves, Patalpuri Caves, Pippala cave, Saptaparni Cave, Sattaparnaguha Cave, Son Bhandar Caves, Sitamarhi Cave, Vadathika Cave

4. Mineral Resources in Bihar

Bihar is rich in mineral deposits, contributing to economic development. The major minerals found in Bihar include:

Key Minerals and Their Locations:

• Steatite (Soapstone) – 945 tonnes/year
• Pyrites – 9,539 tonnes/year
• Quartzite – 14,865 tonnes/year
• Crude Mica – 53 tonnes/year, found in Muzaffarpur, Nawada, Jamui, and Gaya.
• Limestone – 478,000 tonnes/year, essential for cement production.

Other Mineral Reserves:

• Bauxite – Found in Jamui district, used for aluminum production.
• Cement Mortar – Found in Bhabhua.
• Dolomite – Found in Bhabhua, used in steel and construction industries.
• Glass Sand – Found in Bhabhua, important for glass manufacturing.
• Salt – Found in Gaya and Jamui.
• Coal – Found in the Rajmahal Coalfield.
• Uranium and Beryllium – Found in Gaya district, with potential for nuclear energy development.
• Gold Deposits – Found in Jamui district, making Bihar a prospective gold-mining site.

5. Environmental and Economic Significance

Agricultural Importance:

• Bihar’s alluvial soil and extensive river network make it one of India’s most agriculturally productive states.
• Crops such as rice, wheat, maize, pulses, sugarcane, and oilseeds thrive in Bihar’s fertile plains.

Industrial and Economic Potential:

• Cement industries benefit from limestone and dolomite reserves.
• Glass and ceramic industries utilize glass sand deposits.
• Steel and aluminum industries can develop due to bauxite and dolomite reserves.
• The presence of gold, uranium, and beryllium offers potential for future mining and energy projects.

Environmental Concerns:

• Deforestation: Rapid urbanization and agriculture expansion threaten Bihar’s forests.
• Flooding: Rivers like Kosi and Gandak frequently cause floods, soil erosion, and displacement.
• Climate Change: Increasing temperature fluctuations and erratic monsoons affect agriculture and water availability.

Bihar’s geography, soil, forests, and mineral wealth play a vital role in its agriculture, industry, and economy. The fertile Indo-Gangetic Plains make it a key agricultural state, while its forests and mineral resources hold potential for industrial and economic growth. However, environmental challenges such as deforestation, floods, and climate change must be addressed through sustainable practices and conservation efforts. By leveraging its natural resources responsibly, Bihar can achieve long-term development and prosperity.

Bihar Hazard Profile

Bihar is one of the most disaster-prone states in India, requiring a multi-disciplinary approach to mitigate risks and manage disasters effectively. The state’s geographical, climatic, and socio-economic conditions make it vulnerable to floods, earthquakes, droughts, cyclonic storms, heatwaves, cold waves, and other human-induced hazards. Addressing these challenges requires an integrated and continuous process of planning, organizing, coordinating, and implementing preventive and mitigation measures, along with effective response, rehabilitation, and reconstruction strategies.

1. Floods in Bihar

Geographical and Climatic Factors:

• Bihar’s topography is dominated by perennial and non-perennial rivers, many of which originate in Nepal.
• These rivers carry high sediment loads, which are then deposited on the plains of Bihar, contributing to frequent flooding.
• Monsoon rains (June-September) account for the majority of Bihar’s rainfall, causing river flows to increase up to 50 times their normal levels.

Flood-Prone Areas:

• 73% of Bihar’s total land area (68,800 sq km out of 94,160 sq km) is vulnerable to floods.
• Bihar accounts for 30-40% of India’s total flood-related damages and 22.1% of India’s flood-affected population.
• 28 districts in Bihar fall under the most flood-prone and flood-affected areas.

Major Flood-Causing Rivers:

• North Bihar: Mahananda, Kosi, Bagmati, Burhi Gandak, Gandak (all originating in Nepal)
• South Bihar: Son, Punpun, Phalgu

Historical Flood Events and Impacts:

• 2013 Floods: Affected 5.9 million people in 3,768 villages across 20 districts.
• 2017 Floods: Affected 17 million people across 19 districts, killing 514 people.
• 2008 Kosi Floods: The Kosi river, known as the “Sorrow of Bihar”, breached its embankment at Kusaha in Nepal, displacing 15 million people in Bihar and Nepal, with 95% of the river’s flow diverted into an abandoned channel.

Flood Control Measures and Challenges:

• Over the decades, India has built over 3,000 km of embankments in Bihar, yet flooding has increased by 2.5 times.
• Embankment failures are common, leading to waterlogging in low-lying areas.
• Siltation of riverbeds has further worsened flood risks.
• Farakka Barrage (West Bengal) has caused 640 million tonnes of silt accumulation annually, exacerbating flooding upstream.
• A 2016 Central Water Commission (CWC) report attributed Bihar’s flood issues to heavy sediment loads from Ghaghra, Gandak, and Kosi rivers.

2. Earthquakes in Bihar

Seismic Vulnerability:

• Bihar lies on the tectonic boundary between the Himalayan and Gangetic plates, making it highly earthquake-prone.
• 15.2% of Bihar’s area falls in Seismic Zone V (very high risk), while 63.7% falls in Zone IV (high risk).
• Of 38 districts, 8 fall in Zone V, 24 in Zone IV, and 6 in Zone III.

Major Earthquake Events:

• 1934 Bihar-Nepal Earthquake: Magnitude 8.0, caused over 10,000 deaths.
• 1988 Earthquake: Significant damage but fewer casualties.

Risk Mitigation Measures:

• Strict enforcement of building codes for earthquake-resistant structures.
• Seismic retrofitting of old and critical infrastructure.
• Public awareness and preparedness training.

3. Droughts in Bihar

Climatic Factors:

• Bihar’s agriculture is heavily dependent on monsoon rains, with an annual average rainfall of 1,120 mm.
• Uneven rainfall distribution makes large parts of the state vulnerable to droughts.
• South and South-West Bihar are most drought-prone.

Historical Drought Events:

• Increasing climate change impacts have led to frequent droughts.
• Even flood-prone North Bihar faces drought situations during years of monsoon failure.

Drought Mitigation Strategies:

• Expansion of irrigation infrastructure (canals, check dams, groundwater recharge).
• Promotion of drought-resistant crops.
• Rainwater harvesting and watershed management.

4. Other Natural and Human-Induced Hazards

Heatwaves and Cold Waves:

• Extreme temperatures are becoming more frequent due to climate change.
• Heatwaves (April–June) cause dehydration, heat strokes, and fatalities.
• Cold waves (December–January) particularly affect the elderly, homeless, and agricultural workers.

Cyclonic Storms and High-Speed Winds:

• Bihar occasionally experiences cyclonic storms from the Bay of Bengal.
• High-speed winds damage houses, crops, and power infrastructure.

Fire Hazards:

• Summer fires are common, particularly in rural areas where kucha houses with thatched roofs are highly flammable.
• Major causes: Cooking fires, electrical faults, and wildfires.
• Impact: Entire villages can be destroyed in extreme cases.

Epidemics and Public Health Risks:

• Floods increase the risk of waterborne diseases (cholera, typhoid, diarrhea).
• Poor sanitation and lack of clean drinking water exacerbate health crises.
• COVID-19 pandemic highlighted Bihar’s healthcare vulnerabilities.

Road, Boat, and Stampede Accidents:

• Bihar has high rates of road and boat accidents, particularly in riverine areas.
• Mass gatherings (e.g., religious festivals) occasionally lead to stampedes.

5. Key Strategies for Disaster Risk Reduction

Bihar’s multi-disaster vulnerability demands a comprehensive, proactive, and integrated disaster management approach.

1. Flood Control: Sustainable river management, dredging, afforestation, and improved embankments.
2. Earthquake Preparedness: Strengthening building codes and increasing public awareness.
3. Drought Mitigation: Enhancing irrigation, promoting resilient crops, and improving groundwater conservation.
4. Early Warning Systems: Enhancing meteorological monitoring and real-time alerts.
5. Community Participation: Training local communities for disaster preparedness.
6. Infrastructure Development: Strengthening transport, communication, and emergency services.

Through scientific planning, policy interventions, and stakeholder collaboration, Bihar can build resilience against recurring disasters and ensure sustainable development for its population.

• For more details, visit the Bihar Disaster Management website: http://disastermgmt.bih.nic.in/
• Emergency Control Room Numbers: 0612-2217305, 0612-2217306

Environmental Challenges

Bihar faces several environmental issues, primarily due to deforestation, soil erosion, and flooding.

Floods and Soil Erosion:

• The Kosi River, known as the “Sorrow of Bihar”, frequently changes its course, leading to massive flooding in North Bihar.
• Other rivers like Gandak and Bagmati also cause seasonal flooding, affecting agriculture and livelihoods.

Deforestation and Climate Change:

• Rapid urbanization and agricultural expansion have led to a decrease in forest cover, particularly in the Gangetic plains.
• Bihar’s climate change vulnerability is increasing due to irregular monsoons, rising temperatures, and groundwater depletion.

Bihar’s geography is marked by a diverse terrain, from fertile plains to rugged plateaus and dense forests. The Ganges and its tributaries play a vital role in shaping the state’s climate, agriculture, and water management. However, flooding, deforestation, and environmental degradation pose significant challenges to sustainable development. Efforts to promote reforestation, flood control measures, and biodiversity conservation are crucial for maintaining the ecological balance of Bihar.

Demographics

• Population & Density:
  • 2011 Census: Bihar had a total population of 104,099,452, making it the 3rd most populous state in India.
    • Males: 5,42,78,157
    • Females: 4,98,21,295
  • Urban Population: 11.30% of the total population lives in urban areas.
  • Rural Population: 88.70% of the total population lives in rural areas.
  • Population Growth (2001–2011): 25.42% reflecting significant population increase.
  • Density: Most densely populated state with 1,106 persons per square kilometre.
  • According to the 2023 Bihar caste survey, the population increased to 130,725,310 (Around 131 million).
    • Population Ranking: 2nd in India (out of 28 States) in year 2023.
• Demographics & Age Distribution:
  • Sex Ratio (2020): 1,090 females per 1,000 males.
  • Youth Population: Approximately 58% of the population is below 25 years of age (highest in India).
  • Urbanisation Rate (2021): 20% of the population lives in urban areas.
• Literacy Rates (2020):
  • Overall Adult Literacy: 68.15% of the total population is literate, with significant efforts being made to improve education access and quality.
    • Male Literacy: 78.5%
    • Female Literacy: 57.8%
• Religious Composition (2023 Census): The majority of the population follows Hinduism, with a significant Muslim community and other communities forming a significant part.
  • Hindus: 81.99%
  • Muslims: 17.70%
  • Minorities:
    • Christianity: 0.05%
    • Buddhism: 0.08%
    • Sikhism: 0.01%
    • Jainism: 0.009%
    • Other or not stated: 0.12%
    • No Religion: 0.001%
• Category Wise highlights of Bihar caste survey (2023):
  • GENERAL: 15.52%
    • Brahmins, Bhumihars, Rajputs and Kayasths account for 10.56%.
    • Muslim community upper caste (Shaikh, Pathan (Khan), Syed) account for 4.96%.
  • OBCs (Other Backward Class): 27.12%
  • EBCs (Extremely Backward Class): 36.01%
    • There are 130-odd Extremely Backward Class (EBC) castes in Bihar.
    • Extremely Backward Class (EBCs) are also Known as Most Backward Class(MBCs).
  • SCs (Schedule Castes): 19.65%
    • There are 21 of 23 Dalit sub-castes as Mahadalits.
    • Mahadalit community – Bantar, Bauri, Bhogta, Bhuiya, Chaupal, Dabgar, Dom (Dhangad), Ghasi, Halalkhor, Hari (Mehtar, Bhangi), Kanjar, Kurariar, Lalbegi, Musahar, Nat, Pan (Swasi), Rajwar, Turi, Dhobi, Pasi, Chamar and Paswan (Dusadh).
  • STs (Schedule Tribes): 1.68%
    • Adivasis: Gond, Santhal and Tharu communities in Bihar.
• Dominant Caste Groups as per Bihar caste survey (2023):
  • Yadavs: 14.26%
  • Paswans (Dushadh): 5.31%
  • Dalits (Chamars, Ravidasiyas, Mochis): 5.25%
  • Kushwahas (Koeri): 4.21%
  • Brahmins: 3.65%
  • Rajputs: 3.45%
  • Mushars: 3.08%
  • Kurmis: 2.87%
  • Bhumihars: 2.86%
  • Teli: 2.81%
  • Nishads (Mallah): 2.60%
  • Banias: 2.31%
  • Kanu: 2.2129%
  • Nonia: 1.9112%
  • Kayastha: 0.6011%
• Census Reporting & Language Data:
  • Languages Spoken (2011 census Data):
    • Hindi: Spoken natively by 25.54% of the total population
    • Urdu: Spoken natively by 8.42% in 15 districts
    • Bihari Languages (Classified as Hindi dialects in the Census):
      • Major Languages:
        • Bhojpuri: 24.86%
        • Maithili: 12.55% (recognized as a regional language under the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution)
        • Magahi: 10.87%
      • Other Bihari Languages:
        • ‘Other’ Hindi: 14.31% Angika and Bajjika (classified under other dialects of Hindi)
      • There are also smaller communities of Bengali and Surjapuri speakers, particularly in eastern districts and urban areas.
        • Surjapuri: 1.79%
    • Others: 1.42%
  • Language Status Proposals:
    • Advocates have called for Bhojpuri, Magahi, Angika, and Bajjika to be granted the same official status as Maithili.

Historical Population of Bihar Since 1901 to 2011

District Wise Number of Population, Literates and Their % in Bihar (Census of India 2011)

Languages of Bihar

Bihar, the third most populous state of India, is home to several languages, most of which belong to the Bihari subgroup of the Indo-Aryan language family. The major languages spoken in Bihar include:

• Maithili (Northern Bihar)
• Hindi (Official language)
• Urdu (Second official language in 15 districts)
• Bihari Hindi (Lingua franca of the region)
• Bhojpuri (Western Bihar): It is one of the most widely spoken languages in India and has a strong presence in Bihar.
• Magahi (Central and Southern Bihar, including Patna): It derives its name from Magadhi Prakrit, once the official language of the Mauryan Empire and the language spoken by Lord Buddha. It follows the Devanagari script and is spoken in eight districts of Bihar and three in Jharkhand.

Maithili is the only Bihari language that has official recognition under the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India. Hindi remains the predominant language in administrative, educational, and official matters, while Urdu serves as the second official language in several districts.

The term Bihari encompasses multiple languages spoken in Bihar and neighboring states. However, despite their widespread usage, only Maithili has received constitutional recognition. Hindi and Urdu remain the dominant languages in governance, education, and formal communication.

Historical Background:

The spread of Modern Standard Hindi in Bihar was first institutionalized in 1881, when it replaced Urdu as the sole official language of the province. This shift occurred amid competition between Hindi and Urdu within the Hindustani language spectrum. However, this change disregarded the significance of the region’s native languages—Bhojpuri, Maithili, and Magahi.

After India’s independence, Hindi was reaffirmed as Bihar’s official language through the Bihar Official Language Act, 1950. Later, on 16 August 1947, Urdu was granted the status of the second official language in the undivided state of Bihar.

Recognised language under the 8th Schedule of the Indian Constitution:

1. Maithili:
   • Language & Origin:
     • Maithili is an Indo-Aryan language native to both India and Nepal.
     • It is widely spoken in Bihar, particularly in the northern parts.
   • Speaker Demographics:
     • According to Ethnologue (2011), around 12 million Maithili speakers exist in India.
     • The 2011 Census of India reported approximately 13,583,464 people (about 1.12% of India’s population) listing Maithili as their mother tongue, as many speakers tend to classify it as a dialect of Hindi.
   • Geographical Distribution:
     • In India: Predominantly in Bihar; also spoken in Jharkhand and the National Capital Territory of Delhi.
     • In Nepal: Widely spoken in the eastern Terai, where it is the second most prevalent language.
   • Script & Written Tradition:
     • Historically written in Tirhuta; less commonly, a local variant of Kaithi was also used.
     • Today, Maithili is primarily written in the Devanagari script.
   • Official Recognition:
     • In 2003, Maithili was included in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution, recognizing it as a regional language.
     • This status allows Maithili to be used in education, government, and other official contexts.

Other languages and dialects spoken in Bihar:

Several other languages are spoken across different regions:

• Indo-Aryan Languages: Angika, Bajjika, Surjapuri, Bengali, and Tharu
• Dravidian Languages: Kurukh (84,000 speakers as per the 2011 Census), Kulehiya/Malto (76,000 speakers), and Mal Paharia
• Austroasiatic Languages: Santali (nearly 500,000 speakers in 2011) and Munda

1. Angika:
   • Mainly spoken in the Anga region covering Munger, Bhagalpur, and Banka districts of Bihar, as well as the Santhal Pargana division of Jharkhand.
   • Estimated speaker base of around 15 million.
   • Also spoken in some parts of Purnia district in Bihar.
2. Bajjika:
   • Often referred to as Western Maithili; considered by many as a dialect of Maithili.
   • Predominantly spoken in north-western Bihar (modern-day Tirhut Division).
   • Mainly used in Samastipur, Sitamarhi, Muzaffarpur, Vaishali, and Sheohar districts, with parts of Darbhanga adjoining Muzaffarpur and Samastipur.
   • Researcher Abhishek Kashyap (2013) estimated there were about 20 million Bajjika speakers in Bihar (based on 2001 census data).
3. Bhojpuri:
   • Predominantly spoken in the Bhojpur region in western Bihar.
   • Major districts include West Champaran, East Champaran, Saran, Siwan, Gopalganj, Muzaffarpur, Bhojpur, Buxar, Kaimur, and Rohtas.
   • Also widely spoken in eastern Uttar Pradesh, western Jharkhand, parts of Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, and the Terai region of Nepal.
   • Globally, approximately 150 million Bhojpuri speakers.
   • Several dialects exist: Southern, Northern, Western, and Nagpuria.
   • Indigenous writing used to be in the Kaithi script, though modern Bhojpuri is now predominantly written in Devanagari.
   • There is ongoing demand for its official recognition and inclusion in the Eighth Schedule.
4. Magahi:
   • Spoken in the Magadh region in southern Bihar, with its heartland in Patna, Jehanabad, Nalanda, Gaya, and Sheikhpura districts.
   • Cultural centers include historical Patna (Pataliputra) and Gaya.
   • Blends with Bhojpuri in western Patna, Arwal, and Aurangabad (across the Son river) and with Angika in eastern districts like Lakhisarai and Jamui.
   • Borders various dialects closely related to Maithili across the Ganga.
5. Khortha:
   • A language variety spoken in far-southern Bihar adjoining Jharkhand on the Chota Nagpur plateau.
   • Found in Aurangabad, Gaya, Nawada, and Jamui districts.
6. Santali:
   • A Munda language spoken by Santhal Adivasis in their heartland (Santhal Parganas, mainly in northeastern Jharkhand).
   • Also spoken by communities in Bihar (Jamui, Banka, Munger, and Bhagalpur) due to historical migration as agricultural laborers.
   • Additional speaker populations are found in Araria, Purnia, Katihar, and Kishanganj districts.
7. Surjapuri:
   • Spoken in the Purnia division (Araria, Purnia, Katihar, and Kishanganj districts) and adjoining areas of West Bengal.
   • Although clubbed under Hindi in census data, it is linguistically closer to Assamese and Bengali.
   • Considered part of the western extension of the Kamata group of dialects (similar to Rajbanshi in Nepal and Rangpuri in Bangladesh).
   • In western areas, it blends with eastern dialects of Maithili.
8. Tharu:
   • Spoken by the Tharu people in the Terai region of Nepal and in neighboring parts of Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, and Bihar.
   • One of the major languages in Nepal.
   • Although its classification within Indo-Aryan is not precise, Tharu shows similarities with Awadhi, Maithili, Bengali, Rajbanshi, and Bhojpuri.
   • In Bihar, Tharu is primarily spoken in the northern parts of East Champaran and West Champaran districts.

Many speakers of these languages, especially in rural and less literate communities, often report their mother tongue as Hindi or Urdu in official surveys, affecting the accurate documentation of speaker numbers.

Classical languages of Bihar is Pāli and Sanskrit:

1. Pāli (3rd century BCE – Present):
   • Language Family & Classification:
     • A classical Middle Indo-Aryan language.
     • Also known as Pāli-Magadhi.
   • Religious & Cultural Significance:
     • Liturgical language of Theravāda Buddhism.
     • Language of the Buddhist Pāli Canon (Tipiṭaka).
   • Historical Context:
     • Widely studied for its role in preserving early Buddhist teachings.
     • Associated with the ancient kingdom of Magadha in modern Bihar.
     • Early Theravāda commentaries identified Pāli with the vernacular of Magadha, sometimes referred to as Magadhi Prakrit.
   • Etymology & Scholarly Views:
     • The term “Pāli” emerged in commentarial traditions to denote the original text (or “line” of text) distinct from its commentary or translation.
     • 19th-century British Orientalist Robert Caesar Childers argued that Pāli was essentially Magadhi Prakrit, with “pāli” meaning “line, row, series” and later extended to imply “language of the texts”.
   • Modern Recognition:
     • Designated as a classical language by the Government of India on 3 October 2024.
2. Sanskrit:
   • Language Family & Origins:
     • A classical language of the Indo-Aryan branch of Indo-European languages.
     • Developed in South Asia after early Indo-Aryan languages diffused from the northwest during the late Bronze Age.
   • Historical Phases:
     • Vedic Sanskrit (1500 – 600 BCE):
       • Found in the Rigveda—a collection of over 1,000 hymns composed between 1500 and 1200 BCE.
       • Represents the most archaic form, used for early religious rituals.
     • Classical Sanskrit (700 BCE – 1350 CE):
       • Emerged as a refined and standardized grammatical form in the mid-1st millennium BCE.
       • Used for literature, philosophy, drama, and historical texts.
       • Notable literary works include the epics Mahābhārata and Rāmāyaṇa, composed in what is often termed Epic Sanskrit.
   • Cultural & Religious Role:
     • Sacred language of Hinduism, and historically significant in Buddhism and Jainism.
     • Served as a link language in ancient and medieval South Asia and influenced religious and high culture in Southeast, East, and Central Asia.
   • Modern Recognition & Education:
     • Included in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution.
     • Taught traditionally in gurukulas and widely in modern secondary education.
     • The Benares Sanskrit College (founded in 1791) is among the oldest Sanskrit institutions.
   • Ongoing Use:
     • Continues to be used in ceremonial and ritual contexts for Hindu and Buddhist hymns and chants.

Bihar is a linguistically rich state with diverse language traditions. While Hindi and Urdu dominate the official sphere, regional languages such as Maithili, Bhojpuri, and Magahi continue to thrive in daily communication. The demand for greater recognition of these languages, particularly the inclusion of Bhojpuri in the Eighth Schedule, remains a subject of cultural and political discourse.

Religion in Bihar

Bihar, one of India’s most historically and culturally significant states, has a rich religious heritage. It is home to multiple faiths, including Hinduism, Islam, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism, and Christianity. The state has played a crucial role in the evolution of Indic religions, with Bihar being the birthplace of Buddhism and Jainism.

Hinduism is the most widely practiced religion in Bihar, followed by nearly 82% of the total population, according to the 2023 Bihar caste-based census. Islam is the second-largest religion, adhered to by approximately 17.7% of the population. Additionally, there is a significant presence of Buddhists, Christians, Sikhs, and Jains in the state.

Despite being a multi-religious state, Bihar has a strong tradition of communal harmony. Festivals from all religions are celebrated with equal enthusiasm, and different communities live peacefully together.

Bihar is a spiritual and religiously diverse state that has played a key role in shaping Indian religions. From Hinduism and Buddhism to Jainism and Sikhism, Bihar’s rich cultural heritage makes it an important religious and historical center not just in India, but globally.

Historical and Religious Significance

• Hinduism: Bihar holds immense religious significance in Hindu mythology. Goddess Sita, consort of Lord Rama, is believed to have been born in Sitamarhi, located in the Mithila region.
• Buddhism: Bihar is the birthplace of Buddhism. Gautama Buddha attained enlightenment at Bodh Gaya in present-day Gaya district. Today, Bodh Gaya is a major pilgrimage center for Buddhists worldwide.
• Jainism: Bihar was also a key region for Jainism.
  • Vasupujya, the 12th Jain Tirthankara, was born in Champapuri, Bhagalpur.
  • Vardhamana Mahavira, the 24th and last Tirthankara, was born in Vaishali around the 6th century BCE.
• Sikhism: The tenth Sikh Guru, Guru Gobind Singh, was born in Patna Sahib in 1666. The Takht Sri Patna Sahib gurdwara marks his birthplace and is one of the five Takhts of Sikhism.

1. Hinduism:

Hinduism is the predominant religion in Bihar, practiced by 82.7% of the total population, as per the 2022 census. The Hindu population in Bihar stands at 86,078,686, making it the majority faith across all districts except Kishanganj, where Muslims form the majority.

An Overview

Hinduism is one of the world’s oldest religions and is often referred to as Sanātana Dharma, meaning “eternal order”. It is also called Vaidika Dharma (Vedic Dharma) due to its origins in the ancient Vedas. The religion is diverse in practice, comprising various philosophical schools, traditions, and rituals unified by the principle of Dharma (cosmic order and righteousness).

The sacred symbol of Hinduism is “Aum” (🕉), representing the fundamental sound of the universe. Hinduism is the third-largest religion in the world, with around 1.2 billion followers globally (approximately 15% of the world population).

Sacred Texts and Beliefs

Hinduism is based on an extensive collection of scriptures classified into:

• Śruti (Revealed texts): Includes the Vedas and Upanishads.
• Smṛti (Remembered texts): Includes the Puranas, Mahabharata (including the Bhagavad Gita), Ramayana, and Agamas.

These texts discuss theology, mythology, philosophy, and rituals, shaping Hindu religious thought and daily life.

Festivals and Cultural Significance

Hindu festivals play an integral role in Bihar’s cultural and social life. The state celebrates a wide range of Hindu festivals, some of which are observed across India, while others are specific to Bihar’s regional traditions.

Major Hindu Festivals in Bihar:

• Chhath Puja – The most significant festival in Bihar, dedicated to Surya Dev (Sun God), where devotees perform rituals at riverbanks.
• Durga Puja – Celebrated with grandeur, especially in Patna, Bhagalpur, and Gaya.
• Diwali – The festival of lights, marking the return of Lord Rama to Ayodhya.
• Holi – The festival of colors, widely celebrated across the state.
• Makar Sankranti – Known as Tila Sankranti in Bihar, marked by kite flying and feasting.
• Saraswati Puja – Dedicated to Goddess Saraswati, observed in schools and colleges.
• Ram Navami – Celebrating the birth of Lord Rama.
• Nag Panchami – Worship of Nag Devta (Serpent God).

Influence of Hinduism in Bihar’s Society and Governance

Hinduism deeply influences the daily life, traditions, and governance of Bihar. The state government officially recognizes several Hindu festivals as public holidays, emphasizing their cultural importance. The Bihar Regiment of the Indian Army, which consists of 17 battalions, uses Hindu religious slogans such as “Jai Bajrang Bali” (Victory to Lord Hanuman) as their battle cry.

Religious Tourism in Bihar

Bihar is a significant pilgrimage destination for Hindus. The state is home to several revered Hindu temples and religious sites, attracting millions of devotees each year.

Prominent Hindu Pilgrimage Sites in Bihar:

• Mahavir Mandir (Patna) – One of the most revered Hanuman temples in India.
• Mundeshwari Temple (Kaimur) – One of the oldest functional temples in India, dedicated to Lord Shiva and Goddess Shakti.
• Vishnupad Temple (Gaya) – A sacred site associated with Lord Vishnu.
• Patan Devi Temple (Patna) – One of the Shakti Peethas dedicated to Goddess Durga.
• Hariharnath Temple (Sonepur) – A famous Shiva-Vishnu temple.

Hinduism remains deeply embedded in Bihar’s cultural, social, and religious fabric. From sacred texts and pilgrimage sites to festivals and rituals, the religion continues to shape the identity of the state. Bihar’s historical and spiritual legacy, including sites like Sitamarhi (birthplace of Goddess Sita) and Gaya (associated with Vishnu and Pind Daan ceremonies), solidifies its importance in Hindu tradition.

2. Buddhism:

Buddhism, also known as Buddha Dharma or Dharmavinaya, is an Indian religion and philosophical tradition founded on the teachings of Gautama Buddha, a wandering teacher who lived in the 6th or 5th century BCE. The term Buddha Dharma (बुद्ध धर्म) means “Doctrine of the Enlightened One,” while Dharmavinaya (धर्मविनय) translates to “doctrines and disciplines.”

Buddhism is the fourth-largest religion in the world, with nearly 500 million followers, known as Buddhists, who make up 7% of the global population. Originating as a Śramaṇa movement in the eastern Gangetic plain, Buddhism spread across Asia and later gained global influence, particularly in the 20th century, when it reached the Western world.

Buddhist Population in Bihar

Bihar holds a historical and spiritual significance in Buddhism. According to the 2022 Bihar caste-based survey, there were 111,247 Buddhists in the state, making up 0.085% of the total population. Although a minority religion in modern Bihar, its historical legacy is deeply rooted in the region.

Origin of the Name Bihar and its Buddhist Influence

The name “Bihar” is derived from the Sanskrit word “Vihāra” (विहार), which means “monastery” or “abode”. This reflects the region’s rich Buddhist heritage, as Bihar was once home to numerous Buddhist monasteries, learning centers, and pilgrimage sites.

Gautama Buddha’s Journey in Bihar

Bihar is considered one of the most sacred places in Buddhism, as it is here that Siddhartha Gautama attained Enlightenment (Nirvana) under the Bodhi Tree in Bodh Gaya, transforming into Gautama Buddha.

Some of the most important Buddhist events associated with Bihar include:

• Enlightenment at Bodh Gaya: Gautama Buddha attained nirvana under the Bodhi Tree at the Mahabodhi Temple Complex in Gaya district, making Bodh Gaya the holiest Buddhist site.
• Teachings in Vaishali and Rajgir: Buddha preached several sermons in Vaishali and Rajgir, guiding his disciples on the path of Dharma.
• Mahaparinirvana and the Spread of Buddhism: Even after Buddha’s Mahaparinirvana (final departure), his disciples continued spreading Buddhism, making Magadha (ancient Bihar) a stronghold of Buddhist teachings.

Buddhist Centers of Learning in Bihar

During the early centuries of Buddhism, Bihar became the intellectual and spiritual hub of the religion. Buddhist monks and scholars established great learning centers in the region, which became global institutions of knowledge.

Key Buddhist Universities in Bihar:

• Nalanda University: One of the oldest and most prestigious universities in the world, Nalanda was founded in the 5th century CE during the Gupta Empire. It attracted students and scholars from China, Tibet, Korea, Central Asia, and Persia. Chinese traveler Xuanzang (Hiuen Tsang) studied and wrote extensively about Nalanda.
• Vikramshila University: Established in the 8th century CE by the Pala dynasty, this was another significant center for Buddhist learning and Tantric Buddhism (Vajrayana tradition).

Ashoka the Great and the Spread of Buddhism

One of the most influential figures in Buddhist history was Emperor Ashoka the Great of the Maurya Dynasty, who ruled Magadha (modern-day Bihar) in the 3rd century BCE. After witnessing the devastation of the Kalinga War, Ashoka embraced Buddhism and made it the state religion.

His contributions to Buddhism included:

• Constructing stupas, monasteries, and pillars across India, including in Bihar.
• Organizing the Third Buddhist Council in Pataliputra (modern Patna) to consolidate Buddhist teachings.
• Sending Buddhist missionaries to Sri Lanka, China, Central Asia, and Southeast Asia, facilitating the global spread of Buddhism.

Buddhist Pilgrimage Sites in Bihar

Today, Bihar remains an important pilgrimage destination for Buddhists worldwide. Some of the most revered Buddhist sites in the state include:

• Bodh Gaya – Home to the Mahabodhi Temple, marking the place of Buddha’s Enlightenment.
• Vaishali – Where Buddha delivered his last sermon before attaining Mahaparinirvana.
• Rajgir – The site of Griddhakuta (Vulture’s Peak), where Buddha preached the Lotus Sutra.
• Kesaria Stupa – The tallest Buddhist stupa in the world, believed to have been built by Ashoka.
• Lauria Nandangarh – Houses Ashokan Pillars with Buddhist inscriptions.

Bihar remains one of the most important centers of Buddhism, historically and spiritually. From Buddha’s Enlightenment in Bodh Gaya to the establishment of Nalanda University, the region has played a pivotal role in shaping Buddhist philosophy, education, and global outreach. Even today, it continues to attract Buddhist monks, scholars, and pilgrims from across the world, reaffirming its legacy as the cradle of Buddhism.

3. Sikhism:

Sikhism has a significant historical and spiritual connection with Bihar, especially its capital, Patna, which is considered one of the holiest cities in Sikhism. Bihar is home to Takht Sri Patna Sahib, one of the five Takhts (seats of authority) of Sikhism, making it a key pilgrimage destination for Sikhs worldwide.

Sikh Gurus and Their Connection with Bihar

Guru Nanak Dev’s Visit (1509):

The founder of Sikhism, Guru Nanak Dev, visited Bihar in 1509 during his first Udasi (spiritual journey). He stayed in Gai Ghat, Patna, a site that later became Gurdwara Pahila Bara (Gurdwara Gai Ghat) in his honor. His visit laid the spiritual foundation for Sikhism in Bihar.

Guru Tegh Bahadur’s Visit (1666):

In 1666, the ninth Guru, Guru Tegh Bahadur, visited Patna along with his family, including Mata Gujri (his wife) and Bala Preetam (his young son, who would later become Guru Gobind Singh). They stayed at the same Gai Ghat where Guru Nanak had resided earlier. To commemorate this, Gurdwara Pahila Bara was built.

Birth of Guru Gobind Singh (1666):

The tenth Guru, Guru Gobind Singh, was born in Patna in 1666. He spent his early years in Patna before moving to Anandpur Sahib. His birthplace is now the Takht Sri Harmandir Sahib (Patna Sahib), a revered site in Sikhism. It is one of the Five Takhts, holding immense spiritual significance.

Important Sikh Shrines in Bihar

Bihar is home to several historically significant Gurdwaras that commemorate the visits and events related to Sikh Gurus.

Takht Sri Harmandir Sahib (Patna Sahib):

• Located in Patna, this is one of the five Takhts of Sikhism.
• It marks the birthplace of Guru Gobind Singh.
• The Gurdwara houses historical relics related to Guru Gobind Singh, including his weapons and sacred writings.

Gurdwara Pahila Bara (Gai Ghat):

• Built in memory of Guru Nanak Dev and Guru Tegh Bahadur, who both stayed here.
• Situated at Gai Ghat, Patna.

Gurdwara Gobind Ghat:

• It is believed that Guru Gobind Singh used to play here as a child.
• Located near the banks of the Ganges River.

Gurdwara Guru Ka Bagh:

• A place where Guru Tegh Bahadur and his family stayed before moving to Punjab.

Gurdwara Bal Leela:

• Dedicated to the childhood of Guru Gobind Singh.
• It is believed that the young Guru used to play here with his friends.

Gurdwara Handi Sahib:

• Located in Danapur, near Patna.
• Built in memory of Guru Tegh Bahadur, who stayed here in 1666.
• The name “Handi Sahib” comes from a lady named Jamalo, who offered food cooked in a handi (pot) to the Guru and his family.

Growth of the Sikh Community in Bihar

Migration and Settlement:

After the Partition of India in 1947, many Sikh families migrated from Pakistan and other regions and settled in Bihar, particularly in Patna. However, the total Sikh population in Bihar is relatively small, with only 20,780 Sikhs as per recent estimates.

Bihari Sikhs and Nanakpanthi Sikhs:

Most Sikhs in Bihar are Nanakpanthi Sikhs, meaning they follow the teachings of Guru Nanak but do not necessarily follow the Khalsa traditions.

Agrahari Sikhs:

• Agrahari Sikhs are a unique non-Punjabi Sikh community found in Eastern India, especially in Bihar and Jharkhand.
• Historically, Agrahari Sikhs accepted the Khalsa Panth under Guru Gobind Singh’s guidance to protect their faith and identity.
• This community is settled in Sasaram, Gaya, and other towns in Bihar.

Sikh Culture and Influence in Bihar

Although Sikhism is a minority religion in Bihar, its influence remains strong due to the presence of major Sikh religious sites. Many Sikh families in Bihar are self-employed or engaged in businesses, contributing to the state’s economy.

The festivals of Sikhism, including Guru Nanak Jayanti and Vaisakhi, are celebrated with enthusiasm in Bihar, particularly in Patna Sahib, where thousands of devotees gather every year.

Sikhism in Bihar holds a special historical and religious significance. The birthplace of Guru Gobind Singh and the presence of Takht Sri Patna Sahib make Bihar an important spiritual destination for Sikhs worldwide. While the Sikh population in Bihar remains small, their cultural and religious contributions remain invaluable, and the legacy of Sikh Gurus continues to thrive in the region.

4. Jainism:

Jainism has a long and significant history in Bihar, dating back to the times of Lord Mahavira, the 24th and last Tirthankara, who was born in Vaishali. The state has played a crucial role in the development and spread of Jainism, with many important Jain sites, including Rajgir, Pawapuri, Champapuri, Pataliputra, and Nalanda, holding immense religious and historical significance.

Origins and Early Influence of Jainism in Bihar

Birthplace of Mahavira (6th Century BCE):

• Vardhamana Mahavira, the 24th and last Jain Tirthankara, was born in Vaishali around the 6th century BCE.
• His father was a Kshatriya chief from the Ikshvaku dynasty, ruling over Kundalpur, now identified with Nalanda district.
• He renounced worldly life and attained Kevala Jnana (omniscience) after years of asceticism.
• Mahavira spent much of his life preaching in Bihar, shaping Jainism into its present form.

Mahavira’s Nirvana at Pawapuri:

• Pawapuri, located in present-day Bihar, is the place where Mahavira attained Nirvana and left his mortal body.
• Today, Jal Mandir in Pawapuri stands as a sacred pilgrimage site for Jains.

Jain Tirthankaras Associated with Bihar

Apart from Mahavira, several other Jain Tirthankaras are connected with Bihar:

• Munisuvrata, the 20th Tirthankara, was born in Rajgir.
• Vasupujya, the 12th Tirthankara, was born in Champapur, Bhagalpur, where he also attained all five Pancha Kalyanakas (important life events of a Tirthankara).
• A 31-foot-tall statue of Vasupujya was built in Champapuri in 2014, with a grand Panch Kalyanak Pratishtha Mahotsav celebrated from February 27 to March 3, 2014.

Nalanda and Its Jain Connections

Nalanda, known for its Buddhist heritage, also has a strong Jain presence:

• Mahavira spent many Chaturmasyas (rainy seasons) in Nalanda.
• The Śvetāmbara Jain scriptures refer to Nalanda as Nālandāpada and Nālandā Sanniveśa.
• Mahavira is said to have met Makkhali Gosala, the leader of the Ajivikas, at Nalanda.
• Many of Mahavira’s Ganadharas (chief disciples), including Indrabhuti Gautama, Agnibhuti Gautama, and Vayubhuti Gautama, were born in Nalanda.
• Sutrakritanga Sutra, a Jain canonical text, describes a debate on non-violence between Indrabhuti Gautama and a Jain householder in Nalanda.

Archaeological Evidence of Jainism in Nalanda

• 14th-century Jain text Vividha Tirtha Kalpa states that Mahavira spent 14 rainy seasons in Nalanda.
• Travel accounts from 1509 CE and 1608 CE mention the presence of 16-17 Jain temples in Nalanda.
• The Indian Antiquary (1918) described a Jain temple in Nalanda as the oldest temple in the region.
• Excavations in the 20th century found over 100 Jain images in Nalanda, with the Śvetāmbara Jain temple still standing today.

Important Jain Pilgrimage Sites in Bihar

Rajgir:

• Birthplace of Munisuvrata, the 20th Tirthankara.
• Mahavira preached extensively in Rajgir.
• Griddhakuta Hill is an important site where Jain monks once meditated.

Pawapuri:

• The place of Mahavira’s Nirvana.
• The Jal Mandir, built in his honor, is a major Jain pilgrimage site.

Champapuri (Bhagalpur):

• Birthplace of Vasupujya, the 12th Tirthankara.
• The five Kalyanakas of Vasupujya took place here.
• Home to one of the tallest Jain statues (31 feet high).

Pataliputra (Patna):

• Kamaldah Jain Temple, the oldest Jain temple in Patna, was built in 1729 CE.
• Dedicated to Neminatha, the 22nd Tirthankara.
• Jain Acharya Sthulabhadra (297–198 BCE) spent his last days here.
• A major center for Jain learning in ancient times.

Decline and Preservation of Jain Heritage

• By 1694 CE, most Jain temples in Nalanda were destroyed, leaving only a few remaining.
• The ASI report of 1861 described a Jain temple within the ruins of Nalanda University, dating back to the 5th century CE.
• Several Jain images and sculptures from the 10th-15th century CE have been discovered.
• The current Śvetāmbara Jain temple in Nalanda houses ancient idols of Rishabhanatha (1st Tirthankara), Shantinatha (16th Tirthankara), Mahavira (24th Tirthankara), and Parshvanatha (23rd Tirthankara).

Jain Population in Bihar Today

• Jainism is a minority religion in Bihar.
• As per the 2023 Census, the Jain population in Bihar was 0.009% (12,523) of the total population.
• As per the 2011 Census, the Jain population in Bihar was 18,914.
• In the 2001 Census, only 16,085 Jains were recorded in the state, indicating a slight increase in population.

Jainism in Bihar has a rich historical and spiritual heritage. The birth of Mahavira, the Nirvana at Pawapuri, the presence of multiple Jain Tirthankaras, and the strong connections with Nalanda, Rajgir, and Champapuri make Bihar an essential center for Jain pilgrimage and history. Though Jains are a small minority in the state today, their legacy continues through pilgrimage sites, ancient temples, and archaeological discoveries, ensuring that Bihar remains a crucial part of Jain traditions and history.

5. Islam:

Islam is the 2nd-largest religion in Bihar, with a rich history dating back to the 14th century. The Muslim population in Bihar comprises both Sunni and Shia sects, with the majority being Sunni Muslims. Islam was introduced to the region through Afghan traders, Sufi missionaries, and Turk settlers long before the Mughal Empire’s expansion into India. Over the centuries, Muslims have played a crucial role in the cultural, social, and political landscape of Bihar.

Early Arrival and Spread of Islam in Bihar

Islamic Influence in the 14th Century:

• The large-scale arrival of Muslims in Bihar began in the 14th century when Turk traders and Sufi saints-warriors settled in South Bihar plains.
• These settlers were involved in agricultural colonization and spread Islam among the local population.
• Inscriptions in Bihar Sharif mention a Sufi warrior, Malik Ibrahim Bayu, who fought and defeated the Kol tribe, which was oppressing local Muslims.

Muslim Chieftains and Rulers:

• Some regional rulers and chieftains of Bihar during the medieval period were Muslims.
• Kharagpur Raj (modern-day Munger district) was originally ruled by Hindu Rajputs. However, after a failed rebellion in 1615, Raja Sangram Singh’s son, Toral Mal, converted to Islam and adopted the name Roz Afzun.
• The Nawabs of Purnea, originally known as the Faujdars of Purnea, established an autonomous region under Saif Khan in the early 1700s. They engaged in prolonged conflicts with the Kingdom of Nepal.

Growth of Muslim Population in Bihar

Conversions and Migration:

• The early 12th century witnessed Islamic influence through conversions of local populations.
• Many conversions took place during the rule of the Sur Empire, which established its capital in Sasaram, Bihar.
• After the Partition of India in 1947, many Bihari Muslims migrated to West Pakistan and East Pakistan (now Bangladesh).

Census Data on Muslim Population Growth:

• According to the 2011 Indian Census, Bihar had 17,557,809 Muslims, making up 16.9% of the total population.
• In the 2001 Census, the Muslim population was 14,780,500, accounting for 16.5% of the total population.
• During 2001-2011, the Muslim population grew by 33.43%, whereas the non-Muslim population increased by 23.53%.
• As per the 2022 Bihar caste-based survey, the major Muslim caste populations were:
  • Shaikh: 4,995,897 (3.82% of total Bihar population).
  • Momin (Julaha/Ansari): 4,634,245 (3.54% of total Bihar population).

Demographic Distribution of Muslims in Bihar

Muslim-Majority and Minority Districts

• Kishanganj is the only Muslim-majority district in Bihar, with 1,123,456 Muslims comprising 68% of the total district population (as per the 2001 Census).
• Lakhisarai has the lowest Muslim population percentage, with 35,378 Muslims, making up only 4% of the district’s total population (as per the 2001 Census).

Socio-Cultural and Caste Composition of Bihari Muslims

Caste Categories Among Muslims

Muslims in Bihar are largely descendants of native converts from various castes. The caste system among Bihari Muslims follows socio-economic stratification, similar to other communities in India.

General Category (Upper-Class Muslims):

• Shaikh
• Pathan (Khan)
• Syed

Backward Class (BC) Muslims:

• Surjapuri Muslims (except Shaikh, Syed, Mallick, Mirza, Baig, Mughal, and Pathan in specific districts)
• Jat Muslims (in Madhubani, Darbhanga, Sitamarhi, Khagaria, and Araria)
• Madariya Muslims (Sanhaul block of Bhagalpur and Dhoriya block of Banka)
• Bhat (Muslims), Gaddi, and Qaghzi

Extremely Backward Class (EBC) Muslims:

• All other Muslim categories fall under Extremely Backward Class (EBC).

Unique Cases of Social Classification:

• The Iraqi/Kalal community was historically counted as a subset of the Bania caste.
• Members of the Kalal community protested against the state government and demanded a separate categorization.

Islam in Bihar has a rich historical legacy, tracing its roots back to the 14th century with the arrival of Turk traders and Sufi missionaries. Over time, Bihari Muslims have played a vital role in the region’s social, economic, and political affairs. The state has a diverse Muslim population, comprising both Sunnis and Shias, with various caste-based divisions. Today, Muslims form 16.9% of Bihar’s total population, with Kishanganj being the only Muslim-majority district. Despite the impact of migration, historical shifts, and socio-political changes, Bihar remains an important center for Islamic heritage and culture in India.

6. Christianity:

Christianity is a minority religion in Bihar, practiced by less than 0.5% of the state’s population. With a historical presence dating back to the 17th century, Christianity in Bihar has been shaped by the efforts of Catholic missionaries, the migration of Newar Christians, and the establishment of several dioceses and churches. Today, the Christian community in Bihar, though small, continues to have a significant religious and cultural presence.

Early History and Establishment of Christianity in Bihar

Bettiah Christian Community (17th Century):

• The origins of Christianity in Bihar can be traced to the Bettiah Raj, where the Bettiah Christian community was founded in the 17th century.
• Christian missionaries from the Order of Friars Minor Capuchin (a Roman Catholic religious order) played a major role in establishing this community.
• Raja Dhurup Singh of Bettiah invited Joseph Mary Bernini, a Capuchin missionary, to heal his ailing wife. After a successful recovery, the Raja granted patronage to Christian missionaries, allowing them to flourish in Bettiah.
• The Bettiah Christian Mission expanded under the support of the Bettiah Rajas and remains one of northern India’s oldest Christian communities.

Newar Christian Migration from Nepal:

• From the 17th century onward, Catholic Christian missionaries, including Jesuits and Capuchins, began preaching Christianity in Nepal.
• They established hospices in Kathmandu, Patan, and Bhatgoan, where they converted members of the Newar community to Christianity.
• However, when the Malla Kings were overthrown by the Gurkhas, the Newar Christians fled to India, settling first in Bettiah and later moving north to Chuhari, where their descendants still reside today.

Growth and Religious Infrastructure

Historical Churches and Missionary Presence:

• Padari Ki Haveli, a centuries-old Roman Catholic church, is one of the most significant Christian heritage sites in Bihar.
• Holy Saviour Church in Arrah is another historically important Christian site in the state.
• Various Christian organizations have since established a presence in Bihar, including:
  • The Diocese of Patna (Church of North India)
  • Emmanuel Christian Fellowship Centre (ECFC)
  • Pentecostal Holiness Church
  • Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Patna

Roman Catholic Dioceses in Bihar:

The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Patna oversees several dioceses, including:

• Roman Catholic Diocese of Bettiah
• Roman Catholic Diocese of Bhagalpur
• Roman Catholic Diocese of Buxar
• Roman Catholic Diocese of Muzaffarpur
• Roman Catholic Diocese of Purnea

These dioceses play a key role in administering Christian religious services, missionary work, and educational initiatives throughout Bihar.

Christian Population Growth and Demographics

Census Data on Christian Population:

• According to the 2011 Census, Bihar had 129,247 Christians, making up 0.12% of the total population.
• The 2001 Census recorded only 53,137 Christians, indicating a significant increase in the Christian population over a decade.
• As per the 2022 Bihar Caste Survey, the number of Christians in the state stood at 75,238.

Christian Minority in Bihar:

• Despite its long history, Christianity remains a small religious community in Bihar.
• Hinduism is the dominant religion (83% of the population), while Islam is the second-largest religion (16.9%).
• Christianity ranks as the third-largest religion in Bihar, but its followers remain a tiny fraction of the total population.

Role of Pentecostal and Revivalist Movements

Growth of Pentecostal Churches:

• The Indian Pentecostal Church of God (Northern Region) is the oldest Pentecostal church in Bihar.
• The oldest Pentecostal Fellowship in Bihar started in Rajendra Nagar, Patna, led by Rev. Pramod K. Sebastian.

Christian Revival Church and House Churches:

• The Christian Revival Church is another important religious organization that contributes to the Christian community in Bihar.
• Bihar also has numerous house churches, where Christian worship is conducted in small community gatherings.
• The Christ Church Diocesan School in Patna serves as both an educational institution and a religious center for the Christian community.

Christianity in Bihar has a rich yet small presence, dating back to the 17th century with the establishment of the Bettiah Christian community. Over time, the migration of Newar Christians, the establishment of churches, and the expansion of missionary activities contributed to the growth of Christianity in the region. Despite being a minority religion, Christianity continues to have a strong religious and educational influence in Bihar. The Catholic dioceses, Protestant missions, and Pentecostal fellowships remain actively engaged in social and religious work, ensuring that the Christian community remains vibrant in Bihar.

7. Baháʼí Faith:

The Baháʼí Faith is a global independent religion that originated in Iran in the 19th century, emphasizing the spiritual unity of humanity. While it emerged from Islamic roots, its teachings recognize the divine nature of Krishna and the Buddha, creating a bridge between religious traditions that is accepting of Hinduism and Buddhism. The Baháʼí Faith focuses on world peace, unity, and social justice, which has contributed to its gradual growth in India, including the state of Bihar.

Introduction and Early Growth in India

• The Baháʼí Faith was founded in the 19th century by Baháʼu’lláh, who is considered a Manifestation of God in Baháʼí beliefs.
• The religion’s first adherents in India settled in Mumbai during Baháʼu’lláh’s lifetime.
• For nearly a century, the Baháʼí community in India remained small, consisting mainly of urban members from Islamic and Zoroastrian backgrounds.
• In the 1960s, the religion began to expand significantly in rural India, especially in Madhya Pradesh, through teaching and outreach programs.
• By the mid-1990s, the Baháʼí community in India claimed 2 million members, the highest of any country.
• However, in 2001, only about 5% (100,000 members) were actively participating, making it the lowest participation rate in any Baháʼí region.

The Baháʼí Faith in Bihar

Bihar’s Role in the Expansion of the Faith:

• The Baháʼí Faith’s influence in Bihar has been growing, with an emphasis on community building and interfaith harmony.
• Bihar Sharif has become a major center for Baháʼí activities, including education, social welfare programs, and religious gatherings.
• In 2013, the Baháʼí World Centre released a video titled Frontiers of Learning, which showcased Baháʼí community-building efforts in four cities across different continents, including Bihar Sharif.

The Baháʼí House of Worship in Bihar Sharif

Announcement and Planning:

• In 2012, the Universal House of Justice (the governing body of the Baháʼí Faith) announced plans to construct the first local Baháʼí House of Worship in Bihar Sharif.
• This would be the second Baháʼí temple in India, after the Lotus Temple in New Delhi, and one of the first two local Baháʼí temples in Asia (the other being in Battambang, Cambodia).

Temple Design and Construction:

• In April 2020, the architectural design for the Bihar Sharif Baháʼí temple was unveiled.
• The temple is designed with a single dome and nine geometric arches, similar to the famous Lotus Temple in New Delhi.
• A groundbreaking ceremony was held in February 2021, where soil from various villages in Bihar was placed at the construction site.
• The bricks used for the temple will be made from local soil, symbolizing the integration of the temple with its surroundings and the unity of all Bihari people.

Significance of the Bihar Sharif House of Worship:

• The Baháʼí House of Worship in Bihar Sharif is intended to be a center for prayer, meditation, and community service.
• It will be open to people of all religions, reflecting the Baháʼí principle of unity among faiths.
• The temple is expected to enhance interfaith dialogue and strengthen Baháʼí activities in Bihar and beyond.

The Baháʼí Faith and Its Broader Impact in India

• The Lotus Temple in New Delhi, inaugurated in 1986, has become a major religious and tourist attraction, drawing over 2.5 million visitors annually.
• On some Hindu holy days, it receives over 100,000 visitors in a single day, making it one of the most visited religious sites in the world.
• The Bihar Sharif House of Worship is expected to further increase awareness of the Baháʼí Faith in India and provide a place of spiritual reflection and community service.

The Baháʼí Faith has made steady progress in India, with Bihar playing a crucial role in its expansion. The construction of the Baháʼí House of Worship in Bihar Sharif marks a significant milestone for the Baháʼí community in the state. By promoting unity, interfaith harmony, and social service, the Baháʼí Faith continues to grow as a spiritual and humanitarian force in Bihar and beyond.

8. Sarnaism:

Sarnaism is an indigenous religious faith of the Indian subcontinent, primarily followed by tribal communities across the Chota Nagpur Plateau. It is most prominent in Jharkhand, Bihar, Odisha, West Bengal, and Chhattisgarh. Sarnaism is deeply rooted in nature worship, emphasizing the sacred connection between water (jal), forests (jaṅgal), and land (jamīn). It is considered India’s largest tribal religion, distinct from mainstream religions like Hinduism, Buddhism, and Christianity.

Origins and Evolution of Sarnaism

• The term “Sarna” is derived from the Mundari language, meaning “sacred grove”, where religious rituals are conducted.
• Different tribal communities refer to their sacred groves differently:
  • The Santals call it Jaher Era.
  • The Oraons call it Kurukh Kuti.
  • The Hos call it Desauli.
• The term Sarnaism emerged in the 1930s, when tribal activists in Chota Nagpur (then part of Bihar) proposed it as a unifying term for the various nature-based ancestral practices of the region’s tribal communities.
• Post-independence, Sarnaism experienced significant growth, especially in the 1970s and 2000s, when larger tribes like the Hos and Santals began identifying strongly with the religion, leading to a 100% increase in followers over a decade.

Core Beliefs and Worship Practices

Nature Worship and Sacred Groves:

• Sarnaism is based on nature worship, emphasizing the protection of forests and the environment.
• The Sarna sacred grove is the center of religious and spiritual activities, where the village deity (Gram Deoti) is believed to reside.
• Worshippers pray to trees, hills, and natural elements, believing that the forest protects them and that humans must live in harmony with nature.
• The Sal tree holds a particularly sacred place in Sarnaism, and Sarna groves are often filled with Sal, Mahua, Neem, and Banyan trees.

Deities and Spirits:

• Sarna followers believe in a village deity who protects the community, referred to by different names:
  • Gaon Khunt
  • Gram Deoti
  • Marang Buru
  • Singbonga (Sun God of the Mundas and Oraons)
• They also worship Dharti Ayo (Chalapachho Devi), the Mother Goddess, identified with the Earth and nature.

Priesthood and Community Rituals:

• Sarna religious ceremonies are communal events, involving the entire village.
• Rituals are conducted by the village priest, known as Pahan, assisted by Pujar.
• Among the Santals, the priest is called Naike.
• The sacred groves serve as places of worship, where seasonal festivals, sacrifices, and ancestor worship ceremonies take place.

Festivals and Rituals

Sarhul: The Main Festival of Sarnaism

• Sarhul is the most significant festival of Sarnaism, celebrated during spring.
• It is an ancestor worship festival, where the community prays for prosperity and a good monsoon.
• A key ritual involves the Pahan bringing three water pots to the Sarna grove:
  • If the water level decreases, it is believed the monsoon will fail.
  • If the water remains unchanged, a normal monsoon is expected.
• Men offer Sakua flowers and leaves, symbolizing their devotion to nature and ancestors.

Demographics and Growth of Sarnaism

• The 2011 Indian Census recorded 4,957,467 followers of Sarnaism, primarily in Jharkhand (83.33%) and Bihar (0.21%).
• The tribal population of Bihar has a small but significant number of Sarna followers, particularly in southern districts bordering Jharkhand.
• Despite its large following, Sarnaism does not have a separate religious code in the Indian Census, leading many followers to be counted under the Hindu category.

Challenges and Recognition Efforts

• Sarna activists and tribal leaders have been demanding a separate religious status in the Indian Census, distinct from Hinduism, Christianity, and other mainstream religions.
• In 2020, the Jharkhand government passed a resolution demanding a Sarna religious code to recognize their distinct faith and identity officially.
• The struggle for recognition continues, as Sarna followers seek protection for their sacred groves and tribal heritage.

Sarnaism remains a deeply rooted indigenous faith, reflecting the age-old connection between tribal communities and nature. With a growing movement for official recognition, Sarnaism is gaining more visibility as a unique religious identity. Its emphasis on nature worship and environmental conservation makes it particularly relevant in the modern era, where ecological preservation is a global concern.

Government & Administration in Bihar

Cultural and Historical Legacy

Languages and Dialects:

• Bhojpuri, Maithili, Magahi, Angika, and Hindi are widely spoken.
• Maithili is recognized as a scheduled language in India.

Arts:

• Madhubani Painting: A famous traditional art form.
• Rich tradition of folk music and dances like Jat-Jatin and Jhijhiya.

Festivals:

• Chhath Puja: The most prominent festival, dedicated to the Sun God.
• Other festivals: Makar Sankranti, Holi, Diwali, Eid, and Buddha Purnima.

Cuisine:

• Popular dishes: Litti-Chokha, Sattu Paratha, Thekua, and Khaja.

Economy

• Agriculture:
  • Bihar’s economy is predominantly agriculture-based.
  • Major crops: Paddy, wheat, maize, sugarcane, and pulses.
  • Renowned for Makhana, Litchi, and Mangoes.
• Industry:
  • Historically underdeveloped but now improving.
  • Key industries: Food processing, textiles, and dairy.
• Tourism:
  • Historical and religious tourism is significant.
  • Key attractions: Bodh Gaya, Nalanda, Vaishali, Rajgir, and Sasaram.

Education

Educational Institutions:

List of Universities:

• Patna University
• Magadh University
• Nalanda University
• Jaiprakash University
• Bihar Agricultural University
• Nalanda Open University – NOU
• Lalit Narayan Mithila University
• Rajendra Agricultural University
• Tilka Manjhi Bhagalpur University
• Veer Kunwar Singh University – VKSU
• Bhupendra Narayan Mandal University
• Aryabhatta Knowledge University – AKU
• Chanakya National Law University – CNLU Patna
• Kameshwar Singh Darbhanga Sanskrit University
• Maulana Mazharul Haque Arabic and Persian University
• Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Bihar University – BRABU

Engineering Colleges:

• S.I.T., Sitamarhi
• Tirhut College of Agriculture
• Supaul College of Engineering
• Siwan Institute of Engg & Tech
• Bhagalpur College of Engineering
• Bihar Institute of Silk and Textiles
• Gaya College of Engineering – GCE
• Birla Institute of Technology, Patna
• Vidya Vihar Institute of Technology
• Shershah College of Engg. Sasaram
• Purnea Engineering College, Purnea
• Bakhtiyarpur College of Engineering
• Nalanda College of Engineering – NCE
• Motihari College of Engineering – MCE
• Women’s Institute of Technology – WIT
• Saharsa Engineering College, Saharsa
• Katihar College of Engineering, Katihar
• Central Institute of Plastic Engg & Tech
• Darbhanga College of Engineering – DCE
• Indian Institute of Technology – IIT Patna
• R.P. sharma Institute of Technolgy, patna
• B.P.Mandal, College of Engg. Madhepura
• Muzaffarpur Institute of Technology – MIT
• National Institute of Technology – NIT Patna
• College of Agricultural Engg, Pusa Samstipur
• Loknayak Jai Prakash Institute Of Technology
• Sanjay Gandhi Institution of Technology, Patna
• Netaji subhash Institute of Technology, Amhara, Patna
• Millia Institute of Technology, Purnea Ram Bag, Purnea
• Vidyadaan Institute of Technology & Management, Buxar
• Maulana Azad College of Engineering and Technology, patna
• Rashtrakavi Ramdhari Singh Dinkar College of Engineering, Begusarai

Agriculture Colleges:

• College of Fisheries, Dholi
• Bihar Agricultural College, Sabour
• Tirhut College of Agriculture, Dholi
• Sugarcane Research Institute, Pusa
• College of Community Science, Pusa
• Dr. Kalam Agricultural College, Khagra
• College of Agricultural Engineering – Pusa
• College of Basic Sciences & Humanities, Pusa
• Veer Kunwar Singh College of Agriculture, Dumraon
• Nalanda College of Horticulture, Noorsarai, Nalanda
• Bhola Paswan Shastri Agricultural College, Purnea City
• Mandan Bharti Agricultural College, Agwanpur, Saharsa
• Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa
• Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyay College of Horticulture and Forestry, Piprakothi

Fisheries Colleges:

• College of Home Science – Pusa
• Tirhut College of Agriculture – Dholi
• Rajendra Agricultural University – Pusa

Law Colleges:

• A.M. Collge Gaya
• M.S. College, Motihari
• Law College Samastipur
• Maharaja College, Arrah
• B.M.T. Law College, Purnea
• Patna Law College, Mahendru
• T.N.B. Law College, Bhagalpur
• Bidheh Law College, Madhubani
• S. K. J. Law College, Muzaffarpur
• Shivanand Mandal Law College, Samastipur

Medical Colleges:

• Patna Medical College
• Katihar Medical College
• Darbhanga Medical College
• A. N. Magadh Medical College, Gaya
• Government Medical College, Bettiah
• Nalanda Medical College, Kankarbagh
• Mata Gujri Medical College, Kishanganj
• Shree Krishna Medical College, Rasulpur
• Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Bhagalpur
• Narayana Medical College & Hospital, Jamuhar
• Madhubani Medical College and Hospital, Keshopur
• Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Science, Sheikhpura
• Lord Buddha Koshi Medical College & Hospital, Baijnathpur
• Vardhman Institute of Medical Sciences, Pawapuri, Nalanda

Management Institutions:

• Chandragupt Institute of Management, Patna
• Gaya College (Affiliated to Magadh University), Gaya
• Shanti Sewa Samiti’s Indian Institute of Hotel Management, Patna
• Development Management Institute (DMI), East Gandhi Maidan, Patna
• Patna Women’s College (Affiliated to Patna University), Bailey Road, Patna
• L. N. Mishra Institute of Economic Development and Social Changes, Patna
• Indian Institute of Business Management (Recognised by AICTE, New Delhi)

Research Institutions:

• Darbhanga Research Institute
• Bihar Research Institute, Patna
• K. P. Jaiswal Research Institute, Patna
• Dr. A. N. Sinha Research Institute, Patna
• Central Fuel Research Institute, Jalgorda
• Rajendra Memorial Research Institute, Agamkuan, Patna
• Indian Institute of Business Management (Recognised by AICTE, New Delhi), Buddh Marg, Patna

Ayurvedic Colleges:

• Tibbi College, Patna
• Ayurvedic College, Patna
• Astang Ayurvedic College, Bhagalpur
• Shiv Kumari Ayurvedic College, Begusarai
• Maharani Rameshwari Mahavidyalay, Darbhanga

Laboratory and Research Centres:

• Nav Nalanda Mahavihar, Patna
• Central Fuel Research Institute, Jalgorda
• T.B. Demonstration and Training Centre, Patna
• T.B. Demonstration and Training Centre, Darbhanga

Fine Arts Colleges:

• Govt. College of Arts and Crafts, Patna
• Faculty of Fine Arts and Crafts, Bhagalpur University

Other Institutions:

• Science College, Patna.
• Muk Badhir Vidyalay, Patna.
• Balika Mahavidyalay, Lakhisarai.
• Bihar Rashtrabhasha Parishad, Patna.
• Netraheen Chatra Vidyalay, Bhagalpur.
• Madersa Ajeejeeya, Bihar Sharif, Nalanda.
• Kishanganj Pharmacy College, Kishanganj
• A.N.Sinha Samaj Adhyayan Sansthan, Patna
• Bihar Flying Institute, Civil Aerodrome, Patna
• Prakrit Jain Shastra Aur Ahinsa Sansthan, Vaishali
• Bihar College of Pharmacy, New Bailey Road, Patna
• National Institute of Fashion Technology Mithapur Farms, Patna
• R. L. S.Yadav College of Pharmacy, Reshmi Complex, Kidwaipuri, Patna
• Patliputra College of Pharmacy, PO – Bihar Veterinary College Campus, New Bailey Road, Patna
• National Institute of Physiotherapy and Communication Disorders, PMP Bhawan, East Lohanipur, Patna

Transportation

• Roads:
  • National and state highways connect major cities and towns.
  • Mahatma Gandhi Setu: A prominent bridge over the Ganga.
• Railways:
  • बिहार is well-connected to the national railway network.
  • Major stations: Patna Junction, Gaya Junction, Bhagalpur, Muzaffarpur.
• Airports:
  • Jay Prakash Narayan International Airport in Patna.
  • Gaya International Airport.
• Waterways:
  • Development of the National Waterway-1 along the Ganga for cargo and passenger transport.

Tourism

• Religious Sites:
  • Bodh Gaya: UNESCO World Heritage Site, where Buddha attained enlightenment.
  • Mahavir Temple: Jain pilgrimage site in Vaishali.
• Historical Monuments:
  • Nalanda University Ruins: Center of ancient learning.
  • Barabar Caves: Oldest surviving rock-cut caves in India.
• Nature and Wildlife:
  • Valmiki National Park: Rich in biodiversity.
  • Kanwar Lake: Asia’s largest freshwater oxbow lake.

Challenges

• Developmental Issues:
  • High poverty levels.
  • Lack of industrialization.
• Natural Disasters:
  • Frequent floods, especially in northern बिहार, due to rivers like the Kosi and Gandak.
• Social Issues:
  • Challenges related to caste-based politics and social inequalities.

Recent Developments

• Infrastructure:
  • Expansion of roads, bridges, and electricity networks.
  • Projects like Smart City Patna are ongoing.
• Government Initiatives:
  • Bihar Skill Development Mission: Enhancing youth employability.
  • Focus on improving healthcare and education through schemes like Bihar Student Credit Card.

Notable Historical Sites

1. Nalanda and Vikramashila Universities: Ancient centers of learning.
2. Bodh Gaya: UNESCO World Heritage Site, central to Buddhism.
3. Rajgir and Vaishali: Significant in Buddhist and Jain histories.
4. Barabar Caves: Oldest surviving rock-cut caves in India.
5. Sher Shah Suri’s Tomb: Architectural marvel in Sasaram.

Conclusion

Bihar has been at the forefront of Indian history, from the Neolithic era to modern times. Its rich cultural and historical legacy includes the rise of major empires, cradle of civilizations, religions, and political institutions, making it an essential part of India’s historical and archaeological heritage. Its contributions to culture, education, and governance have left an indelible mark on India’s heritage. Despite modern challenges, Bihar continues to be a land of immense historical and cultural significance.

Roadmap of Bihar

Divisions of Bihar

बिहार का इतिहास: प्राचीन गौरव से आधुनिक युग तक

अवलोकन

पूर्वी भारत का एक राज्य बिहार, एक समृद्ध और जटिल इतिहास है जिसने इसकी सांस्कृतिक, राजनीतिक और आर्थिक पहचान को आकार दिया है। यह जनसंख्या के हिसाब से तीसरा सबसे बड़ा राज्य है, क्षेत्रफल के हिसाब से 12वां सबसे बड़ा और 2021 में सकल घरेलू उत्पाद के हिसाब से 15वां सबसे बड़ा राज्य है। यह उत्तर प्रदेश, नेपाल, पश्चिम बंगाल और झारखंड के साथ सीमा साझा करता है। राज्य गंगा नदी द्वारा विभाजित है और 2000 में झारखंड को सौंप दिया गया था। अधिकांश आबादी शहरी क्षेत्रों में रहती है, जिसमें 11.27% शहरी क्षेत्रों में रहते हैं। बिहार में किसी भी भारतीय राज्य की तुलना में युवाओं का अनुपात सबसे अधिक है, जिसमें 58% 25 वर्ष से कम आयु के हैं। आधिकारिक भाषा हिंदी है, जबकि मूल भाषाएँ मैथिली, मगही और भोजपुरी हैं। अन्य भाषाएँ छोटे स्तर पर बोली जाती हैं।

बिहार का इतिहास भारत में सबसे विविध और प्रभावशाली है, जो प्रागैतिहासिक काल से लेकर आधुनिक इतिहास तक फैला हुआ है। इस क्षेत्र में तीन अलग-अलग सांस्कृतिक और ऐतिहासिक क्षेत्र शामिल हैं: मगध, मिथिला और भोजपुर। इसके पुरातात्विक और साहित्यिक अभिलेख नवपाषाण काल ​​(लगभग 2500-1345 ईसा पूर्व) से मिलते हैं और विभिन्न राजवंशीय और औपनिवेशिक चरणों से गुजरते हुए 1947 में स्वतंत्र भारत का अभिन्न अंग बन गए।

बिहार, संस्कृत शब्द विहार (देवनागरी: विहार) से लिया गया है, जिसका अर्थ है “निवास”, प्राचीन और मध्ययुगीन बौद्ध विहारों को संदर्भित करता है, जो उस क्षेत्र में भिक्षुओं के निवास स्थान थे जो अब वर्तमान राज्य को शामिल करता है।

प्रागैतिहासिक और प्राचीन बिहार

बिहार में मानव निवास का सबसे पहला प्रमाण नवपाषाण युग का है, जिसमें सारन जिले में गंगा नदी के उत्तरी तट पर स्थित चिरांद में महत्वपूर्ण खोज की गई है। बिहार के क्षेत्र ने प्राचीन भारतीय सभ्यता में एक आवश्यक भूमिका निभाई, जिसमें वैदिक और महाकाव्य साहित्य में मगध, मिथिला और अंग का अक्सर उल्लेख किया गया है।

मिथिला और विदेह साम्राज्य

उत्तर वैदिक काल (लगभग 1100-500 ईसा पूर्व) के दौरान मिथिला शक्ति के केंद्र के रूप में उभरा। जनक राजाओं द्वारा शासित विदेह साम्राज्य ने प्रमुखता प्राप्त की, जिसमें भगवान राम की पत्नी और राजा जनक की पुत्री सीता हिंदू महाकाव्य रामायण में एक केंद्रीय पात्र थीं। यह राज्य बाद में वैशाली में अपनी राजधानी के साथ दुनिया के सबसे पुराने ज्ञात गणराज्यों में से एक, वज्जिका लीग का हिस्सा बन गया। प्रारंभिक शिक्षा केंद्र, मिथिला, विदेह साम्राज्य का केंद्र भी था।

मगध और मौर्य साम्राज्य का उदय

प्राचीन और शास्त्रीय भारत के दौरान बिहार राजनीतिक और सांस्कृतिक शक्ति का केंद्र था। मगध लगभग एक हज़ार वर्षों तक भारतीय शक्ति, शिक्षा और संस्कृति का केंद्र बना रहा। यह मौर्य साम्राज्य और बौद्ध धर्म का घर था, जो दुनिया का सबसे व्यापक रूप से पालन किया जाने वाला धर्म है। मौर्य और गुप्त राजवंशों के तहत मगध साम्राज्यों ने एक केंद्रीय शासन के तहत दक्षिण एशिया को एकजुट किया। भारतीय इतिहास में कुछ सबसे महत्वपूर्ण विकास इसी क्षेत्र से हुए:

• भारत के सबसे महान साम्राज्यों में से एक मौर्य साम्राज्य (321-185 ईसा पूर्व) की स्थापना चंद्रगुप्त मौर्य ने की थी और अशोक महान के अधीन इसका विस्तार हुआ।
• पाटलिपुत्र (आधुनिक पटना) भारतीय इतिहास के प्राचीन और शास्त्रीय काल के दौरान भारतीय सभ्यता का एक महत्वपूर्ण राजनीतिक, सैन्य और आर्थिक केंद्र बन गया।
• बौद्ध धर्म और जैन धर्म की उत्पत्ति और विकास इसी क्षेत्र में हुआ और इसने पूरे एशिया में अपना प्रभाव फैलाया।
• धार्मिक महाकाव्यों के अलावा भारतीय साहित्य, अभिज्ञानशाकुंतला (जिसे शकुंतला के नाम से भी जाना जाता है) सहित कई महत्वपूर्ण साहित्यिक कृतियाँ प्राचीन बिहार में रची गई थीं।

वर्तमान बिहार क्षेत्र में कई मौर्य-पूर्व साम्राज्य और गणराज्य शामिल थे, जैसे मगध, अंग और मिथिला का वज्जिका लीग, जो दुनिया के सबसे शुरुआती गणराज्यों में से एक था, जो महावीर (लगभग 599 ईसा पूर्व) के जन्म से पहले अस्तित्व में था।

मध्यकालीन बिहार और उसके बाद के राजवंश

मौर्य साम्राज्य के पतन के बाद, बिहार में कई शासक राजवंशों ने शासन किया:

• पाल साम्राज्य ने इस क्षेत्र पर शासन किया, जिसकी राजधानी देवपाल के शासनकाल में पाटलिपुत्र थी।
• कर्नाट राजवंश 11वीं शताब्दी में मिथिला में सत्ता में आया, उसके बाद 14वीं शताब्दी में ओइनिवार राजवंश ने सत्ता संभाली।
• बोधगया के बौद्ध पीठपतियों ने मगध के कुछ हिस्सों पर नियंत्रण किया, जबकि खैरावाला राजवंश ने 13वीं शताब्दी तक दक्षिण-पश्चिमी बिहार पर शासन किया।
• जौनपुर सल्तनत ने 13वीं और 14वीं शताब्दी के दौरान पश्चिमी बिहार के कुछ हिस्सों पर नियंत्रण किया, उसके बाद दिल्ली सल्तनत ने उसे अपने अधीन कर लिया।

मुगल और औपनिवेशिक शासन

मध्यकालीन साम्राज्यों के पतन के बाद, बिहार पर निम्नलिखित का शासन आया:

• सूर साम्राज्य, शेरशाह सूरी के अधीन, जिसने शासन में सुधार किया और भारत की आधुनिक डाक प्रणाली की शुरुआत की।
• मुगल साम्राज्य (1556-1757), जिसके तहत बिहार एक महत्वपूर्ण आर्थिक और राजनीतिक केंद्र बन गया।
• ब्रिटिश औपनिवेशिक शासन, 1750 के दशक में शुरू हुआ, जब बिहार बंगाल प्रेसीडेंसी का हिस्सा बन गया। इसने 1857 में भारत के पहले स्वतंत्रता संग्राम में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाई।
• 22 मार्च, 1912 को, बिहार को ब्रिटिश भारत में एक अलग प्रांत के रूप में बनाया गया था।

स्वतंत्र भारत में बिहार

1947 में भारत की स्वतंत्रता के बाद से, बिहार भारतीय संघ का एक मूल राज्य रहा है। यह क्षेत्र भारतीय इतिहास, राजनीति और संस्कृति में महत्वपूर्ण बना हुआ है, जो प्राचीन सभ्यता और शिक्षा के केंद्र के रूप में अपनी विरासत को बरकरार रखता है।

1970 के दशक के उत्तरार्ध से, बिहार सामाजिक और आर्थिक विकास में अन्य भारतीय राज्यों से काफी पीछे रहा है, जिसका मुख्य कारण केंद्र सरकार की नीतियाँ जैसे कि माल ढुलाई समानीकरण, बिहार के प्रति उदासीनता, बिहारी उप-राष्ट्रवाद की कमी और ब्रिटिश ईस्ट इंडिया कंपनी द्वारा 1793 का स्थायी बंदोबस्त है। राज्य सरकार ने विकास में महत्वपूर्ण प्रगति की है, जिसमें बुनियादी ढांचे में निवेश में वृद्धि, स्वास्थ्य सेवा में सुधार, शिक्षा पर अधिक जोर, तथा अपराध और भ्रष्टाचार में कमी शामिल है।

बिहार के बारे में मुख्य तथ्य

• देश:    भारत
• बिहार का प्रतीक:  
• स्थान: पूर्वी भारत
• निर्देशांक: 25.4°N 85.1°E
• राजधानी: पटना
• राज्य गठन: 22 मार्च 1912
• सीमावर्ती राज्य: उत्तर प्रदेश (पश्चिम), झारखंड (दक्षिण), पश्चिम बंगाल (पूर्व), और नेपाल (उत्तर)।
• क्षेत्रफल: 98,940 km² (38,201 वर्ग मील) (12वां स्थान)
• आयाम:
  • लंबाई: 345 किमी (214 मील)
  • चौड़ाई: 483 किमी (300 मील)
• ऊंचाई: 53 मीटर (174 फीट)
• सबसे ऊंची ऊंचाई: 880 मीटर (2,890 फीट) (सोमेश्वर किला बिहार की सबसे ऊंची चोटी है)
• सबसे कम ऊंचाई: 11 मीटर (36 फीट)
• प्रशासनिक प्रभाग:
  • प्रमंडल: 9
  • जिले: 38
  • उपमंडल (अनुमंडल): 101
  • शहर और कस्बे: 261
  • ब्लॉक (मंडल/तहसील): 534
  • गांव (ग्राम): 45,103
  • पंचायत: 8,058
  • पुलिस जिले: 43
  • पुलिस स्टेशन: 1064
• नगर पालिकाएँ:
  • नगर निगम: 19
  • नगर परिषद: 88
  • नगर पंचायत: 151
• राज्य विधानमंडल: द्विसदनीय (दो अलग-अलग विधानसभाएँ, कक्ष या सदन, जिन्हें द्विसदनीय विधानमंडल के रूप में जाना जाता है)
  • बिहार विधान परिषद: 75 सीटें
  • बिहार विधान सभा: 243 सीटें
• राष्ट्रीय संसद: भारत की संसद
  • राज्य सभा (राज्यों की परिषद): 16 सीटें
  • लोकसभा (लोगों का सदन): 40 सीटें
• उच्च न्यायालय: पटना उच्च न्यायालय
• जनसंख्या:
  • 2011 के अनुसार:
    • 104,099,452 (2011 के अनुसार लगभग 104 मिलियन जनगणना के अनुसार, भारत में तीसरा सबसे अधिक आबादी वाला राज्य)
    • पुरुष जनसंख्या (2011): 54,278,157
    • महिला जनसंख्या (2011): 49,821,295
    • घनत्व: 1,102/km² (425.5/वर्ग मील)
  • 2023 के अनुसार:
    • 130,725,310 (2023 के अनुसार लगभग 130 मिलियन, भारत में दूसरा सबसे अधिक आबादी वाला राज्य)
    • घनत्व: 1,388/km² (536/वर्ग मील)
    • शहरी जनसंख्या: 11.29%
    • ग्रामीण जनसंख्या: 88.71%
• आधिकारिक भाषाएँ: हिंदी, उर्दू
• क्षेत्रीय भाषाएँ: भोजपुरी, मैथिली, मगही, अंगिका
• आधिकारिक लिपि: देवनागरी
• गीत: मेरे भारत के कंठहार
• स्थापना दिवस: बिहार दिवस (22 मार्च 1912)
• बर्ड हाउस: गौरैया
• मछली: वॉकिंग कैटफ़िश
• फूल: गेंदा
• फल: आम
• स्तनपायी: गौर
• वृक्ष: पीपल
• सकल घरेलू उत्पाद (जीडीपी):
  • कुल (2024): ₹860,238 करोड़ (US$98 बिलियन)
  • रैंक: 15वां
  • प्रति व्यक्ति: ₹59,637 (US$680) (32वां)
• समय क्षेत्र: UTC+05:30 (IST)
• ISO 3166 कोड: IN-BR
• वाहन पंजीकरण: BR
• मानव विकास सूचकांक (HDI) (2022): 0.577 (मध्यम) (36वां)
• साक्षरता (2011): 61.80% (34वां)
• लिंग अनुपात (2019–20): 1090♀/1000 ♂
• बिहार का राज्य राजमार्ग: BR SH1 – BR SH82
• आधिकारिक वेबसाइट: state.bihar.gov.in

बिहार का ऐतिहासिक विकास: भारतीय विरासत का स्तंभ

प्राचीन इतिहास

प्रागैतिहासिक युग

• बिहार में मानव बस्ती का सबसे पहला साक्ष्य पाषाण युग का है, जैसा कि बराबर गुफाओं और भीमबेटका जैसे पुरातात्विक स्थलों में देखा गया है।
• बिहार का संबंध सिंधु घाटी सभ्यता और बाद में वैदिक सभ्यता से रहा है।

वैदिक काल

• प्राचीन मगध क्षेत्र के हिस्से के रूप में जाना जाने वाला बिहार ऋग्वेद और अन्य प्राचीन हिंदू धर्मग्रंथों में वर्णित है।
• महाजनपद (बड़े राज्य) जैसी प्रारंभिक राजनीतिक इकाइयाँ उभरीं, जिनमें मगध सबसे प्रमुख थी।

मगध साम्राज्य

• मगध (आधुनिक बिहार) छठी शताब्दी ईसा पूर्व के दौरान एक शक्तिशाली राज्य बन गया।
• प्रमुख शासक:
  • बिम्बिसार (हर्यंक राजवंश): मगध का विस्तार किया और एक मजबूत प्रशासनिक व्यवस्था स्थापित की।
  • अजातशत्रु: सैन्य नवाचारों और क्षेत्रीय विस्तार के लिए जाने जाते हैं।
• राजधानियाँ:
  • राजगीर: मगध की प्राचीन राजधानी।
  • बाद में पाटलिपुत्र (आधुनिक पटना) में स्थानांतरित हो गया।

धर्मों में भूमिका

बौद्ध धर्म

• बिहार बौद्ध धर्म का जन्मस्थान है:
  • गौतम बुद्ध ने बोधगया में बोधि वृक्ष के नीचे ज्ञान प्राप्त किया था।
• महत्वपूर्ण स्थल: बोधगया, नालंदा, राजगीर और वैशाली।

जैन धर्म

• जैन धर्म के 24वें तीर्थंकर महावीर का जन्म बिहार के वैशाली में हुआ था।
• मगध शासकों के संरक्षण में जैन धर्म का विकास हुआ।

हिंदू धर्म

• बिहार ने प्रारंभिक हिंदू संस्कृति में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाई:
  • रामायण और महाभारत जैसे ग्रंथों से जुड़ा हुआ है।
  • मौर्य और गुप्त साम्राज्यों ने हिंदू मंदिरों और शिक्षा केंद्रों का समर्थन किया।

शाही राजवंश

मौर्य साम्राज्य (321-185 ईसा पूर्व)

• चंद्रगुप्त मौर्य द्वारा स्थापित, इसकी राजधानी पाटलिपुत्र थी।
• अशोक महान: विश्व स्तर पर बौद्ध धर्म के प्रचार-प्रसार तथा अहिंसा और सहिष्णुता को बढ़ावा देने वाले अपने शिलालेखों के लिए जाने जाते हैं।

गुप्त साम्राज्य (चौथी-छठी शताब्दी ई.)

• गुप्तों के शासनकाल में बिहार एक सांस्कृतिक और बौद्धिक केंद्र बन गया।
• भारत के स्वर्ण युग के रूप में जाना जाता है:
  • विज्ञान, गणित, खगोल विज्ञान और कला का उत्कर्ष।
  • नालंदा विश्वविद्यालय: शिक्षा का एक प्रसिद्ध केंद्र।

पाल साम्राज्य (8वीं-12वीं शताब्दी ई.)

• पालों ने बिहार और बंगाल पर शासन किया और वे बौद्ध धर्म के महान संरक्षक थे।
• नालंदा का पुनरुद्धार और विक्रमशिला विश्वविद्यालय की स्थापना।

मध्यकालीन काल

बौद्ध धर्म का पतन

• इस्लाम के आगमन और विदेशी आक्रमणों के साथ, बिहार में बौद्ध मठों को नष्ट कर दिया गया (उदाहरण के लिए, 12वीं शताब्दी में बख्तियार खिलजी द्वारा)।

दिल्ली सल्तनत और मुगल काल

• बिहार दिल्ली सल्तनत और बाद में मुगलों के अधीन आ गया।
• मुगल काल के दौरान, बिहार की अर्थव्यवस्था कृषि और व्यापार के कारण फली-फूली।

शेर शाह सूरी (1540-1545)

• बिहार के सासाराम में जन्मे शेर शाह सूरी ने सूरी साम्राज्य की स्थापना की।
• सुधार:
  • रुपिया मुद्रा शुरू की।
  • ग्रैंड ट्रंक रोड का निर्माण किया।

औपनिवेशिक काल (1764-1947)

ब्रिटिश शासन

• बक्सर की लड़ाई (1764) के बाद, बिहार ब्रिटिश नियंत्रण में आ गया।
• यह 1912 तक बंगाल प्रेसीडेंसी का हिस्सा था, जब बिहार और उड़ीसा अलग-अलग प्रांत बन गए।

स्वतंत्रता संग्राम में भूमिका

• चंपारण सत्याग्रह (1917): महात्मा गांधी का भारत में पहला बड़ा राजनीतिक आंदोलन नील किसानों की शिकायतों को दूर करने के लिए बिहार में हुआ था।
• बिहार के नेता:
  • डॉ. राजेंद्र प्रसाद: भारत के पहले राष्ट्रपति।
  • जयप्रकाश नारायण: भारत छोड़ो आंदोलन और संपूर्ण क्रांति के नेता।

स्वतंत्रता के बाद का युग

बिहार का गठन

• भारत की स्वतंत्रता के बाद 1947 में बिहार एक अलग राज्य बन गया।
• 2000 में, झारखंड को बिहार से अलग कर दिया गया, जिससे इसका आकार और संसाधन काफी कम हो गए।

चुनौतियाँ

• आर्थिक चुनौतियाँ: झारखंड में खनिज समृद्ध क्षेत्रों का नुकसान।
• सामाजिक चुनौतियाँ: गरीबी, अशिक्षा और जाति आधारित राजनीति।

विकास के प्रयास

• शिक्षा, स्वास्थ्य और बुनियादी ढाँचे को बेहतर बनाने के प्रयास किए गए हैं।
• मुख्यमंत्री साइकिल योजना और सड़कों और बिजली में निवेश जैसी पहलों ने प्रगति दिखाई है।

भूगोल

• भूभाग: मुख्य रूप से मैदानी इलाका, नदियों के कारण उपजाऊ मिट्टी।
• नदियाँ:
  • प्रमुख नदियों में गंगा, कोसी, सोन, गंडक और बागमती शामिल हैं।
  • गंगा नदी बिहार को उत्तरी और दक्षिणी क्षेत्रों में विभाजित करती है।
• जलवायु: गर्म ग्रीष्मकाल, मानसूनी वर्षा और ठंडी सर्दियाँ वाली उष्णकटिबंधीय मानसून जलवायु।

सांस्कृतिक एवं ऐतिहासिक विरासत

भाषाएँ और बोलियाँ:

• भोजपुरी, मैथिली, मगही, अंगिका और हिंदी व्यापक रूप से बोली जाती हैं।
• मैथिली को भारत में अनुसूचित भाषा के रूप में मान्यता प्राप्त है।

कला:

• मधुबनी पेंटिंग: एक प्रसिद्ध पारंपरिक कला रूप।
• जट-जटिन और झिझिया जैसे लोक संगीत और नृत्यों की समृद्ध परंपरा।

त्यौहार:

• छठ पूजा: सबसे प्रमुख त्योहार, जो सूर्य देव को समर्पित है।
• अन्य त्यौहार: मकर संक्रांति, होली, दिवाली, ईद और बुद्ध पूर्णिमा।

व्यंजन:

• लोकप्रिय व्यंजन: लिट्टी-चोखा, सत्तू पराठा, ठेकुआ और खाजा।

अर्थव्यवस्था

• कृषि:
  • बिहार की अर्थव्यवस्था मुख्य रूप से कृषि आधारित है।
  • मुख्य फसलें: धान, गेहूं, मक्का, गन्ना और दालें।
  • मखाना, लीची और आम के लिए प्रसिद्ध।
• उद्योग:
  • ऐतिहासिक रूप से अविकसित लेकिन अब सुधर रहा है।
  • मुख्य उद्योग: खाद्य प्रसंस्करण, कपड़ा और डेयरी।
• पर्यटन:
  • ऐतिहासिक और धार्मिक पर्यटन महत्वपूर्ण है।
  • मुख्य आकर्षण: बोधगया, नालंदा, वैशाली, राजगीर और सासाराम।

परिवहन

• सड़कें:
  • राष्ट्रीय और राज्य राजमार्ग प्रमुख शहरों और कस्बों को जोड़ते हैं।
  • महात्मा गांधी सेतु: गंगा पर बना एक प्रमुख पुल।
• रेलवे:
  • बिहार राष्ट्रीय रेल नेटवर्क से अच्छी तरह जुड़ा हुआ है।
  • प्रमुख स्टेशन: पटना जंक्शन, गया जंक्शन, भागलपुर, मुजफ्फरपुर।
• हवाई अड्डे:
  • पटना में जय प्रकाश नारायण अंतर्राष्ट्रीय हवाई अड्डा।
  • गया अंतर्राष्ट्रीय हवाई अड्डा।
• जलमार्ग:
  • कार्गो और यात्री परिवहन के लिए गंगा के किनारे राष्ट्रीय जलमार्ग-1 का विकास।

पर्यटन

• धार्मिक स्थल:
  • बोधगया: यूनेस्को विश्व धरोहर स्थल, जहाँ बुद्ध को ज्ञान की प्राप्ति हुई।
  • महावीर मंदिर: वैशाली में जैन तीर्थ स्थल।
• ऐतिहासिक स्मारक:
  • नालंदा विश्वविद्यालय के खंडहर: प्राचीन शिक्षा का केंद्र।
  • बराबर गुफाएँ: भारत में सबसे पुरानी बची हुई चट्टान-काट वाली गुफाएँ।
• प्रकृति और वन्य जीवन:
  • वाल्मीकि राष्ट्रीय उद्यान: जैव विविधता से भरपूर।
  • कंवर झील: एशिया की सबसे बड़ी मीठे पानी की झील।

चुनौतियाँ

• विकास संबंधी मुद्दे:
  • गरीबी का उच्च स्तर।
  • औद्योगीकरण का अभाव।
• प्राकृतिक आपदाएँ:
  • कोसी और गंडक जैसी नदियों के कारण, विशेष रूप से उत्तरी बिहार में, अक्सर बाढ़ आना।
• सामाजिक मुद्दे:
  • जाति-आधारित राजनीति और सामाजिक असमानताओं से संबंधित चुनौतियाँ।

हाल ही में हुए विकास

• बुनियादी ढांचा:
  • सड़कों, पुलों और बिजली नेटवर्क का विस्तार।
  • स्मार्ट सिटी पटना जैसी परियोजनाएँ चल रही हैं।
• सरकारी पहल:
  • बिहार कौशल विकास मिशन: युवाओं की रोज़गार क्षमता बढ़ाना।
  • बिहार स्टूडेंट क्रेडिट कार्ड जैसी योजनाओं के ज़रिए स्वास्थ्य सेवा और शिक्षा में सुधार पर ध्यान केंद्रित करना।

उल्लेखनीय ऐतिहासिक स्थल

1. नालंदा और विक्रमशिला विश्वविद्यालय: शिक्षा के प्राचीन केंद्र।
2. बोधगया: यूनेस्को विश्व धरोहर स्थल, बौद्ध धर्म का केंद्र।
3. राजगीर और वैशाली: बौद्ध और जैन इतिहास में महत्वपूर्ण।
4. बराबर गुफाएँ: भारत में सबसे पुरानी बची हुई चट्टान-काट गुफाएँ।
5. शेर शाह सूरी का मकबरा: सासाराम में वास्तुकला का चमत्कार।

निष्कर्ष

बिहार नवपाषाण युग से लेकर आधुनिक समय तक भारतीय इतिहास में सबसे आगे रहा है। इसकी समृद्ध सांस्कृतिक और ऐतिहासिक विरासत में प्रमुख साम्राज्यों का उदय, सभ्यताओं का उद्गम, धर्म और राजनीतिक संस्थाएँ शामिल हैं, जो इसे भारत की ऐतिहासिक और पुरातात्विक विरासत का एक अनिवार्य हिस्सा बनाती हैं। संस्कृति, शिक्षा और शासन में इसके योगदान ने भारत की विरासत पर एक अमिट छाप छोड़ी है। आधुनिक चुनौतियों के बावजूद, बिहार ऐतिहासिक और सांस्कृतिक महत्व की भूमि बना हुआ है।

क्या आप बिहार के किसी विशेष विषय के बारे में अधिक जानकारी चाहते हैं? नीचे टिप्पणी करें 😊

बिहार का रोडमैप

बिहार के प्रमंडल

𝕋𝕙𝕒𝕟𝕜 𝕐𝕠𝕦 𝔽𝕠𝕣 𝕍𝕚𝕤𝕚𝕥𝕚𝕟𝕘 𝕆𝕦𝕣 𝕎𝕖𝕓𝕤𝕚𝕥𝕖𝕤 🙂